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Calmodulin

2011-11-25T14:23:52Z

100490783:

[[Calcium|Calcium binding]] protein involved in [[Calcium signalling|intracellular calcium signalling.]] <ref>Alberts et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell (5th Ed)</ref>

=== Structure ===

Highly conserved sequence of 152 [[Amino acids|amino acids]] <ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/CAA36839.1</ref>

There are four [[EFh domains|EFh domains]] which are responsible to bind 4 Ca2+  molecules<ref>http://smart.embl-heidelberg.de/smart/job_status.pl?jobid=939661123169621289746763YwAuDuwGQT</ref> 

Calmodulin are dumbbell shaped protein where long and flexible alpha helix connects two globular domains. Each domain is assembled from two EF-hand regions attached to antiparalel beta-sheet. Ca2+ binds to glutamate and aspartate residues placed in the loop of EF-hand.<ref>John T.Hancock (2005).Cell signalling. New York:Oxford University press</ref>

=== Function ===

Calmodulin binds Ca2+ to maintain low cytosolic Ca2+ concentration

Two or more Ca2+ ions bind to induce a [[Conformational change|conformational change]] and activate calmodulin <ref>Alberts et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell (5th Ed)</ref>

=== References ===

<references />

Oxidative phosphorylation

2011-01-08T18:08:46Z

100490783:

Oxidative phosphorylation is one of the ATP generating processes in the cell. Understanding of this operation is based on chemiosmotic hypothesis (or Mitchell hypothesis) which clarifies how the free energy from electron transport chain across the inner mitochondrial membrane is used to produce ATP. <ref>Pamela C.Champe, Richard A.Harvey, Denise r.Ferrier (2008) Biochemistry 4th edition. United States of America: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins</ref>

Mitochondrial inner membrane is embedded with four electron transferring complexes which work together as electron transport chain. Each complex is adapted to accept, oxidize and pass electrons to the next carrier of the chain. Main electron donors are NADH or FAD(2H). Firstly electrons from NADH are transported by complex I (NADH dehydrogenase), then CoQ (coanzyme Q), complex III (cytochrome b-c1 complex), cytochrome c, and complex IV (cytochrome oxydase). While electrons are transferring, the same complexes works as proton pumps and pump protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space where electrochemical potential gradient (Δp) are created. This gradient generates energy essential for ATP synthesis to be driven. Δp stimulates protons to reenter into the mitochondrial matrix through ATP synthase, which forms ATP from ADP and Pi.<ref>Michael Lieberman, Allan D.Marks, Colleen Smith (2007)Marks' ESSENTIALS of Medical Biochemistry A Clinical Approach. United States of America:Lippincott Williams and Wilkins</ref>

= References =

<references />

<references />

Oxidative phosphorylation

2011-01-08T18:07:33Z

100490783:

Oxidative phosphorylation

2011-01-08T18:06:52Z

100490783:

Oxidative phosphorylation

2011-01-08T18:06:06Z

100490783:

Oxidative phosphorylation is one of the ATP generating processes in the cell. Understanding of this operation is based on chemiosmotic hypothesis (or Mitchell hypothesis) which clarifies how the free energy from electron transport chain across the inner mitochondrial membrane is used to produce ATP. <ref>Pamela C.Champe, Richard A.Harvey, Denise r.Ferrier (2008) Biochemistry 4th edition. United States of America: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins</ref>

Mitochondrial inner membrane is embedded with four electron transferring complexes which work together as electron transport chain. Each complex is adapted to accept, oxidize and pass electrons to the next carrier of the chain. Main electron donors are NADH or FAD(2H). Firstly electrons from NADH are transported by complex I (NADH dehydrogenase), then CoQ (coanzyme Q), complex III (cytochrome b-c1 complex), cytochrome c, and complex IV (cytochrome oxydase). While electrons are transferring, the same complexes works as proton pumps and pump protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space where electrochemical potential gradient (Δp) are created. This gradient generates energy essential for ATP synthesis to be driven. Δp stimulates protons to reenter into the mitochondrial matrix through ATP synthase, which forms ATP from ADP and Pi.

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<references />Pamela C.Champe, Richard A.Harvey, Denise r.Ferrier (2008) Biochemistry 4th edition. United States of America: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins

Oxidative phosphorylation

2011-01-08T18:05:34Z

100490783:

Oxidative phosphorylation is one of the ATP generating processes in the cell. Understanding of this operation is based on chemiosmotic hypothesis (or Mitchell hypothesis) which clarifies how the free energy from electron transport chain across the inner mitochondrial membrane is used to produce ATP. <references />

Mitochondrial inner membrane is embedded with four electron transferring complexes which work together as electron transport chain. Each complex is adapted to accept, oxidize and pass electrons to the next carrier of the chain. Main electron donors are NADH or FAD(2H). Firstly electrons from NADH are transported by complex I (NADH dehydrogenase), then CoQ (coanzyme Q), complex III (cytochrome b-c1 complex), cytochrome c, and complex IV (cytochrome oxydase). While electrons are transferring, the same complexes works as proton pumps and pump protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space where electrochemical potential gradient (Δp) are created. This gradient generates energy essential for ATP synthesis to be driven. Δp stimulates protons to reenter into the mitochondrial matrix through ATP synthase, which forms ATP from ADP and Pi.

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<ref>Pamela C.Champe, Richard A.Harvey, Denise r.Ferrier (2008) Biochemistry 4th edition. United States of America: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins</ref>

Oxidative phosphorylation

2011-01-08T18:04:11Z

100490783:

Oxidative phosphorylation is one of the ATP generating processes in the cell. Understanding of this operation is based on chemiosmotic hypothesis (or Mitchell hypothesis) which clarifies how the free energy from electron transport chain across the inner mitochondrial membrane is used to produce ATP. <ref />

Mitochondrial inner membrane is embedded with four electron transferring complexes which work together as electron transport chain. Each complex is adapted to accept, oxidize and pass electrons to the next carrier of the chain. Main electron donors are NADH or FAD(2H). Firstly electrons from NADH are transported by complex I (NADH dehydrogenase), then CoQ (coanzyme Q), complex III (cytochrome b-c1 complex), cytochrome c, and complex IV (cytochrome oxydase). While electrons are transferring, the same complexes works as proton pumps and pump protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space where electrochemical potential gradient (Δp) are created. This gradient generates energy essential for ATP synthesis to be driven. Δp stimulates protons to reenter into the mitochondrial matrix through ATP synthase, which forms ATP from ADP and Pi.<ref />

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<references />Pamela C.Champe, Richard A.Harvey, Denise r.Ferrier (2008) Biochemistry 4th edition. United States of America: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins 

<references />Michael Lieberman, Allan D.Marks, Colleen Smith (2007) Marks' ESSENTIALS of Medical Biochemistry A Clinical Approach. United States of America:Lippincott Williams and Wilkins

Oxidative phosphorylation

2011-01-08T18:00:28Z

100490783:

Oxidative phosphorylation is one of the ATP generating processes in the cell. Understanding of this operation is based on chemiosmotic hypothesis (or Mitchell hypothesis) which clarifies how the free energy from electron transport chain across the inner mitochondrial membrane is used to produce ATP.<ref>Pamela C.Champe, Richard A.Harvey, Denise r.Ferrier (2008) Biochemistry 4th edition. United States of America: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins</ref>

Mitochondrial inner membrane is embedded with four electron transferring complexes which work together as electron transport chain. Each complex is adapted to accept, oxidize and pass electrons to the next carrier of the chain. Main electron donors are NADH or FAD(2H). Firstly electrons from NADH are transported by complex I (NADH dehydrogenase), then CoQ (coanzyme Q), complex III (cytochrome b-c1 complex), cytochrome c, and complex IV (cytochrome oxydase). While electrons are transferring, the same complexes works as proton pumps and pump protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space where electrochemical potential gradient (Δp) are created. This gradient generates energy essential for ATP synthesis to be driven. Δp stimulates protons to reenter into the mitochondrial matrix through ATP synthase, which forms ATP from ADP and Pi<ref>Michael Lieberman, Allan D.Marks, Colleen Smith (2007)Marks' ESSENTIALS of Medical Biochemistry A Clinical Approach. United States of America:Lippincott Williams and Wilkins</ref> 

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<references />Pamela C.Champe, Richard A.Harvey, Denise r.Ferrier (2008) Biochemistry 4th edition. United States of America: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins

Oxidative phosphorylation

2011-01-08T17:55:36Z

100490783:

Oxidative phosphorylation is one of the ATP generating processes in the cell. Understanding of this operation is based on chemiosmotic hypothesis (or Mitchell hypothesis) which clarifies how the free energy from electron transport chain across the inner mitochondrial membrane is used to produce ATP.<ref>Pamela C.Champe, Richard A.Harvey, Denise r.Ferrier (2008) Biochemistry 4th edition. United States of America: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins</ref>

Mitochondrial inner membrane is embedded with four electron transferring complexes which work together as electron transport chain. Each complex is adapted to accept, oxidize and pass electrons to the next carrier of the chain. Main electron donors are NADH or FAD(2H). Firstly electrons from NADH are transported by complex I (NADH dehydrogenase), then CoQ (coanzyme Q), complex III (cytochrome b-c1 complex), cytochrome c, and complex IV (cytochrome oxydase). While electrons are transferring, the same complexes works as proton pumps and pump protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space where electrochemical potential gradient (Δp) are created. This gradient generates energy essential for ATP synthesis to be driven. Δp stimulates protons to reenter into the mitochondrial matrix through ATP synthase, which forms ATP from ADP and Pi<ref>biochemistry</ref> 

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<references />Pamela C.Champe, Richard A.Harvey, Denise r.Ferrier (2008) Biochemistry 4th edition. United States of America: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins

Oxidative phosphorylation

2011-01-08T17:53:15Z

100490783:

Oxidative phosphorylation is one of the ATP generating processes in the cell. Understanding of this operation is based on chemiosmotic hypothesis (or Mitchell hypothesis) which clarifies how the free energy from electron transport chain across the inner mitochondrial membrane is used to produce ATP.<ref>Pamela C.Champe, Richard A.Harvey, Denise r.Ferrier (2008) Biochemistry 4th edition. United States of America: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins</ref>

Mitochondrial inner membrane is embedded with four electron transferring complexes which work together as electron transport chain. Each complex is adapted to accept, oxidize and pass electrons to the next carrier of the chain. Main electron donors are NADH or FAD(2H). Firstly electrons from NADH are transported by complex I (NADH dehydrogenase), then CoQ (coanzyme Q), complex III (cytochrome b-c1 complex), cytochrome c, and complex IV (cytochrome oxydase). While electrons are transferring, the same complexes works as proton pumps and pump protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space where electrochemical potential gradient (Δp) are created. This gradient generates energy essential for ATP synthesis to be driven. Δp stimulates protons to reenter into the mitochondrial matrix through ATP synthase, which forms ATP from ADP and Pi<ref>biochemistry</ref> 

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Oxidative phosphorylation

2011-01-08T17:29:33Z

100490783: Created page with 'Oxidative phosphorylation is one of the ATP generating processes in the cell. Understanding of this operation is based on chemiosmotic hypothesis (or Mitchell hypothesis) which c…'

Oxidative phosphorylation is one of the ATP generating processes in the cell. Understanding of this operation is based on chemiosmotic hypothesis (or Mitchell hypothesis) which clarifies how the free energy from electron transport chain across the inner mitochondrial membrane is used to produce ATP.<ref>Pamela C.Champe, Richard A.Harvey, Denise r.Ferrier (2008) Biochemistry 4th edition. United States of America: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins</ref>

Mitochondrial inner membrane is embedded with four electron transferring complexes which work together as electron transport chain. Each complex is adapted to accept, oxidize and pass electrons to the next carrier of the chain. Main electron donors are NADH or FAD(2H). Firstly electrons from NADH are transported by complex I (NADH dehydrogenase), then CoQ (coanzyme Q), complex III (cytochrome b-c1 complex), cytochrome c, and complex IV (cytochrome oxydase). While electrons are transferring, the same complexes works as proton pumps and pump protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space where electrochemical potential gradient (Δp) are created. This gradient generates energy essential for ATP synthesis to be driven. Δp stimulates protons to reenter into the mitochondrial matrix through ATP synthase, which forms ATP from ADP and Pi