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Patau Syndrome

2012-10-17T15:54:51Z

110029096:

Patau Syndrome is a [[Trisomy|trisomy]] of chromosome 13 due to a [[nondisjuction|nondisjunction]] during [[Meiosis|meiosis]]. Patau Syndrome can also result from a [[Translocation|Robersonian translocation]], a section of chromosome 13 attacthes to another chromosome. This results in cell containing 2 intact copies of chromosome 13 and an extra partial copy. Patau Syndrome has a prevalence of around 1 in every 10,000 live births<ref>"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002625/", Trisomy 13, PubMed Health, 04-08-2011. Retrieved 17-10-2012.</ref> .

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Patau Syndrome

2012-10-17T15:52:57Z

110029096: Created page with "Patau Syndrome is a trisomy of chromosome 13 due to a nondisjunction during meiosis. Patau Syndrome can also result from a Robersonian translocation, a section of chromosome 13 a..."

Patau Syndrome is a trisomy of chromosome 13 due to a nondisjunction during meiosis. Patau Syndrome can also result from a Robersonian translocation, a section of chromosome 13 attacthes to another chromosome. This results in cell containing 2 intact copies of chromosome 13 and an extra partial copy. Patau Syndrome has a prevalence of around 1 in every 10,000 live births<ref>"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002625/", Trisomy 13, PubMed Health, 04-08-2011. Retrieved 17-10-2012.</ref> .

 References

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Electron transfer chain

2012-10-16T14:45:14Z

110029096:

'''Electron Transfer Chain''' The electron transfer chain is a series of protein complexes; [[NADH-Q oxioreductase|NADH-Q oxioreductase]], [[Coenzyme_Q|Q-cytochrome C oxioreductase]], [[Cytochrome C oxidase|cytochrome C oxidase]] and [[ATP synthase|ATP synthase]]. These components contain certain redox centres, and electrons move to carriers with increasing electron affinity along the chain: [[Image:Electron transfer chain.jpg]]

[Q is coenzyme Q, also known as ubiquinone, and carries electrons from NADH and FADH2. It is [[Hydrophobic|hydrophobic]] and diffuses rapidly in the inner mitochondrial membrane.] 

• ''Complex I'' – [[NADH-Q oxioreductase|NADH-Q oxioreductase]]          o Transfer of two high-potential electrons from [[NADH|NADH]] to [[FMN|FMN]]          o Electrons from FMNH2 transferred to a series of Fe-S clusters          o Electrons from [[Fe-S clusters|Fe-S clusters]] shuttled to [[Coenzyme Q|Coenzyme Q]]          o Net Effect –                    4H+ pumped out of matrix into intermembrane space                    2 chemical H+ removed from matrix 

• ''Complex II'' – [[Succinate-Q reductase|Succinate-Q reductase]] complex          o [[Succinate dehydrogenase|Succinate dehydrogenase]] (in [[Citric Acid Cycle|Cirtic Acid Cycle]]) part of succinate-Q reductase complex          o Electrons from FADH2 transferred to Fe-S clusters and then to Q          o ''Does not pump protons'' - therefore less ATP is formed by oxidation of FADH2 than NADH 

• ''Complex III'' – [[Q-cytochrome C oxioreductase|Q-cytochrome C oxioreductase]]          o [[Cytochrome C|Cytochrome C]] is in all organisms with mitochondrial respiratory chains          o Small soluble protein containing C-type heme          o Carries one electron from Q-cytochrome C oxioreductase to cytochrome C oxidase          o Electrons transferred from QH2 to oxidised cytochrome C (CytCox)

         o Mechanism that couples electron transfer is known as the Q Cycle 

• ''Complex IV'' – Cytochrome C Oxidase          o 4 electrons transferred from [[Cytochrome C|cytochrome C]] to [[Oxygen|O]][[Oxygen|2]]          o 4H+ from matrix allow the complete [[Reduction|reduction]] of [[Oxygen|O]][[Oxygen|2]] to [[Water|H]][[Water|2]][[Water|O]]          o 4 more H+ pumped across membrane

Coenzyme Q

2012-10-16T14:41:49Z

110029096: Created page with "Coenzyme Q also known as "Cytochrome c - Oxidoreducatase" is a protein involved in the oxidative phosphorylation and the ..."

Coenzyme Q also known as "Cytochrome c - Oxidoreducatase" is a [[Protein|protein]] involved in the [[Oxidative_phosphorylation|oxidative phosphorylation]] and the production of [[ATP|ATP]] as the third protein along in the [[Electron_transport_chain|electron transport chain]].

Nucleolus

2011-11-30T16:56:43Z

110029096: Created page with "The nucleolus is a structure found with the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Processing of rRNA molecules and ribosomal subunits occurs within the nucleolus. The nucleolus is not mem..."

The nucleolus is a structure found with the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Processing of rRNA molecules and ribosomal subunits occurs within the nucleolus. The nucleolus is not membrane bound but instead consists of densely compact macromolecules such as rRNA molcules and  ribosomal proteins. The close proximity of these molecules increases the rate of biochemical processes.