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Foveal Atrophy

2012-11-29T19:59:32Z

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Foveal atrophy isthe degeneration of the centre of the mascula (the centre of the retina) which is responsible for clear vision. It is most oftenly associated with old age however it can also be genetically passed down. It leads to the 

Causes

Foveal [[Atrophy|atrophy]] can be caused by a number of conditions including uveitis, [[Diabetic retinopathy|diabetic retinopathy]], [[Age-related macular degeneration|age-related macular degeneration]], or [[Central serous chorioretinopathy|central serous chorioretinopathy]] <ref>Forooghian F. et al., Uvetic Foveal Atrophy: Clinical Features and Associations, Arch Ophthalmol. 2009;127(2):179-186</ref> 

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Exon

2012-11-29T19:54:59Z

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L-amino acids

2012-11-29T19:49:40Z

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L-[[Amino acids|amino acids]] are the only isomers used in proteins as a result of evolution. The [[CORN law|CORN law]] states that when the hydrogen atom is placed behind the alpha-carbon, the [[Carboxyl group|carboxyl group]] (CO) is followed by the R group (the specific side chain) and finally the amine group (N) in an anticlockwise direction.

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Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Lubert Stryer (2011). Biochemsitry. 7th. ed. New York: WH Freeman and Company.

L-amino acids

2012-11-29T19:46:13Z

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Hydrogen peroxide

2012-11-29T19:37:29Z

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Hydrogen peroxide has the formula H2O2. It is commonly found in [[Catalase|catalase]] is a strong ozidizing agent. Naturally over time or as result of a cataylst, hydrogen perozide decomposes down to [[Water|water]] and [[Oxygen|oxygen]].

Epinephrine

2012-11-29T19:33:16Z

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Epinephrine is also known as [[Adrenaline|adrenaline]]. It is a [[Steroid hormone|steroid hormone]] which is released by [[Chromaffin cells|chromaffin cells]] in the [[Adrenal gland|adrenal glands]] as part of the 'fight or flight' response. This response can be induced by stress or other stimuli in the environment and causes many physiological effects such as increased heart rate, increased blood sugar levels (due to the conversion of [[Glycogen|glycogen]] to [[Glucose|glucose]] in the [[Liver|liver]]); increased breathing rate, constriction of peripheral blood vessels and dilation of the pupils <ref>Alberts et al. (2008:G2), Molecular Biology of the Cell, 5th edition, New York: Garland Science</ref>.

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