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Adrenegic receptor

2015-10-21T14:01:18Z

150015075:

Adrenergic receptors respond to [[Adrenaline|adrenaline]] and [[Noradrenaline|noradrenaline]] and can be found in a variety of different tissues.

Adrenergic receptors can be subdivided into two major classes: α- and β-adrenoreceptors.

For α-adrenoreceptors, the potency and affinity is noradrenaline ≥ adrenaline >> isoprenaline.<ref name="[1]">Whalen, K., Finkel, R. and Panavelil, T. (2015). Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews. Philadelphia, Pa.: Wolters Kluwer.</ref>

For β-adrenoreceptors, the potency and affinity is isoprenaline > adrenaline > noradrenaline.<ref name="[1]">Whalen, K., Finkel, R. and Panavelil, T. (2015). Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews. Philadelphia, Pa.: Wolters Kluwer.</ref>

α-Adrenoreceptors are subdivided into two subgroups, α1 and α2 receptors.

β-Adrenoreceptors are subdivided into two subgroups, β1 and β2 receptors.

Effects mediated by adrenoreceptor (when activation):

α1: Smooth muscle contraction, vasoconstriction

α2: Causes feedback inhibition

β1: Increase in the rate and force of contraction of the heart

β2: Smooth muscle relaxation, bronchodilation

Adrenergic receptors are [[G-protein Coupled Receptor|G-protein coupled receptors]]. <ref>Gomparts,B.D (2009) 'signal transduction' (pp 38) Elsevier/academic press: Amsterdam.</ref>

=== References ===

<references />

Adrenegic receptor

2015-10-21T07:24:24Z

150015075:

Adrenergic receptors respond to [[Adrenaline|adrenaline]] and [[Noradrenaline|noradrenaline]] and can be found in a variety of different tissues.

Adrenergic receptors can be subdivided into two major classes: α- and β-adrenoreceptors.

For α-adrenoreceptors, the potency and affinity is noradrenaline ≥ adrenaline >> isoprenaline.<ref name="[1]">Whalen, K., Finkel, R. and Panavelil, T. (2015). Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews. Philadelphia, Pa.: Wolters Kluwer.</ref>

For β-adrenoreceptors, the potency and affinity is isoprenaline > adrenaline > noradrenaline.<ref name="[1]">Whalen, K., Finkel, R. and Panavelil, T. (2015). Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews. Philadelphia, Pa.: Wolters Kluwer.</ref>

α-Adrenoreceptors are subdivided into two subgroups, α1 and α2 receptors.

β-Adrenoreceptors are subdivided into two subgroups, β1 and β2 receptors.

Adrenergic receptors are [[G-protein Coupled Receptor|G-protein coupled receptors]]. <ref>Gomparts,B.D (2009) 'signal transduction' (pp 38) Elsevier/academic press: Amsterdam.</ref>

=== References ===

<references />

Adrenegic receptor

2015-10-21T03:44:41Z

150015075:

Second Law of Thermodynamics

2014-11-27T16:09:20Z

150015075:

Second law of [[Thermodynamics|thermodynamics]] states that the degree of disorder always increases spontaneously in an isolated system or in the universe as a whole, it can never decrease.

The measure of the disorder in a system is called the [[Entropy|entropy]] of a system.<ref name="null">ALBERTS, B. et al. (2014) Essential Cell Biology (4th ed), New York: Garland Science, Taylor &amp; Francis Group.(Pg.85)</ref>

If a system (for example, an organism) is not isolated, its entropy can decrease, provided that the entropy of its surroundings increases.

 

=== Reference ===

<references />

Second Law of Thermodynamics

2014-11-27T16:08:28Z

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