The School of Biomedical Sciences Wiki - User contributions [en]

Titanium

2018-10-26T15:26:40Z

170726670:

Titanium is a chemical element located in [[Group 4|group 4]] of the [[Periodic table|periodic table]]. It is a [[Transition metal|transition metal]].

=== Properties and uses ===

{| width="200" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1"
|-
| Atomic mass
| 47.867
|-
| Melting point(absolute)
| 1941K
|-
| Boiling point(absolute)
| 3560K
|-
| Density(g cm-3)
| 4.5
|-
| No. of isotopes
| 18
|}

<ref>Rsc.org. (2018). Titanium - Element information, properties and uses | Periodic Table. [online] Available at: http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/22/titanium [Accessed 26 Oct. 2018].</ref> 

Titanium is a very useful metal due to its hard strength, low density ratio and ductile features.

Because of this, it is commonly used mixed with other [[Metals|metals]] and non-metals (alloy) such as [[Aluminium|aluminium]]. Titanium is widely used by aerospace and marine engineering departments, it's resistance to corrosion means they are great for making aeroplanes and naval ships<ref>The Balance. (2018). Learn About the Properties, Characteristics and Uses of Titanium Metal. [online] Available at: https://www.thebalance.com/metal-profile-titanium-2340158 [Accessed 26 Oct. 2018].</ref>.

Titanium is also used in the medical field. It is non allergenic and not magnetic, making it useful for medical devices. Examples of this is: 

- In joint replacement surgery 

- Dental implants

=== Production ===

Producing titanium is a difficult process, which is why it is expensive.

There are multiple procedures it goes through

1) The Kroll process - a four step procedure

2) ITP Armstrong process

3) FFC Cambridge process<ref>Lazonby, J. (2018). Titanium. [online] Essentialchemicalindustry.org. Available at: http://www.essentialchemicalindustry.org/metals/titanium.html [Accessed 26 Oct. 2018].</ref>

=== References ===

<references />

Titanium

2018-10-26T15:25:37Z

170726670: Basic Titanium information

Titanium is a chemical element located in [[Group 4|group 4]] of the [[Periodic table|periodic table]]. It is a [[Transition metal|transition metal]].

=== Properties and uses ===

{| width="200" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1"
|-
| Atomic mass
| 47.867
|-
| Melting point(absolute)
| 1941K
|-
| Boiling point(absolute)
| 3560K
|-
| Density(g cm-3)
| 4.5
|-
| No. of isotopes
| 18
|}

<ref>Rsc.org. (2018). Titanium - Element information, properties and uses | Periodic Table. [online] Available at: http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/22/titanium [Accessed 26 Oct. 2018].</ref> 

Titanium is a very useful metal due to its hard strength, low density ratio and ductile features.

Because of this, it is commonly used mixed with other [[Metals|metals]] and non-metals (alloy) such as [[Aluminium|aluminium]]. Titanium is widely used by aerospace and marine engineering departments, it's resistance to corrosion means they are great for making aeroplanes and naval ships<ref>The Balance. (2018). Learn About the Properties, Characteristics and Uses of Titanium Metal. [online] Available at: https://www.thebalance.com/metal-profile-titanium-2340158 [Accessed 26 Oct. 2018].</ref>.

Titanium is also used in the medical field. It is non allergenic and not magnetic, making it useful for medical devices. Examples this is: 

- In joint replacement surgery 

- Dental implants

=== Production ===

Producing titanium is a difficult process, which is why it is expensive.

There are multiple procedures it goes through

1) The Kroll process - a four step procedure

2) ITP Armstrong process

3) FFC Cambridge process<ref>Lazonby, J. (2018). Titanium. [online] Essentialchemicalindustry.org. Available at: http://www.essentialchemicalindustry.org/metals/titanium.html [Accessed 26 Oct. 2018].</ref>

=== References ===

<references />

Titanium

2018-10-26T11:54:53Z

170726670: unfinished

Titanium is a chemical element located in group 4 of the periodic table. It is a transition metal 

=== Properties and uses ===

{| width="200" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1"
|-
| Atomic mass
| 47.867  
|-
| Melting point(absolute)
| 1941K
|-
| Boiling point(absolute)
| 3560K
|-
| Density(g cm-3) 
| 4.5
|-
| No. of isotopes
| 18
|}

Titanium is a very useful metal due to its hard strength, low density and ductile features.

Because of this, it is commonly used mixed with other metals and non-metals (alloy) such as aluminium. Titanium is widely used by aerospace and marine engineering deparments, it's resistance to corrosion means they are great for making aeoroplanes and naval ships.

=== References ===

File:Al.jpg

2018-10-25T14:13:20Z

170726670:

Extremophiles

2017-12-06T12:50:38Z

170726670:

Extremophiles are organisms with the ability to thrive in extreme conditions (from a human perspective) such as: deep ocean hydroothermal vents<ref>NOAA 10/10/17 https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/extremophile.html</ref>. 

They are mostly [[Prokaryotic|prokaryotic]].

Extremophiles can be divided into sub-groups relating to environmental conditions in which they grow optimally<ref>https://www.britannica.com/science/extremophile</ref>:

 

{| width="500" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1"
|-
| [[acidophilic|acidophilic]]
| optimal growth in [[acidic|acidic ]]conditions (pH 1-5)
|-
| [[alkaliphilic|alkaliphilic]]
| optimal growth [[alkaline|alkaline]] conditions (pH>9)
|-
| [[halophilic|halophilic]]
| environments with high salt concentration
|-
| [[thermophilic|thermophilic]]
| optimal growth between 60-80 degrees celsius
|-
| [[hyperthermophilic|hyperthermophilic]]
| optimal growth above 80 degrees celsius
|-
| [[psychrophilic|psychrophilic]]
| optimal growth at 15 degrees celsius or lower
|-
| piezophilic/barophilic
| optimal growth high[[hydrostatic pressure|hydrostatic pressure ]]
|-
| [[xerophilic|xerophilic]]
| growth in dry conditions with low water availabilty 
|-
| [[oligotrophic|oligotrophic]]
| growth in nutritionally limited environments
|-
| [[endolithic|endolithic]]
|
growth in rocks or pores in mineral grains

|}

some extremophiles have multiple adaptions. e.g. thermoacidophiles  

=== Future advances ===

extromophiles have extremozymes which are the enzymes that enable the organism to live in harsh conditions. This could influence: genetically based medications and industrial chemicals and processes<ref>NOAA 10/10/17 https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/extremophile.html</ref>.  

=== References  ===

<references />

Chemoautotrophs

2017-12-06T12:46:41Z

170726670:

Chemotrophs are [[Prokaryotic|prokaryotic]] organisms that obtain their energy source from chemical reactions<ref>Prof. Ricardo Amils Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 2011 pages 288-289 https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-3-642-11274-4_271fckLRcited on 05/12/17</ref>. The energy is obtained from the oxidation of electron donors. These can be organic [[Organotroph|(organotrophs)]] or inoganic ([[Lithotrophs|lithotrophs]]).

chemotrophs can be divided further based on their carbon source. [[Chemoautotroph|Chemoautotroph]] or [[Chemoheterotroph|chemoheterotroph.]]

=== Chemoautotroph ===

Chemoautotrophs can synthesis their own organic molecules from CO2, using energy from the oxidation of inorganic sources e.g. hydrogen sulfide, ammonia and iron<ref>Ricardo Amils, 2014 https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-642-27833-4_278-2fckLRcited on 04/12/17</ref>. Also, most chemoautotrophs are bacteria or [[Archea|archea]] which are known to be [[Extremophiles|extromophiles]]. They thrive in very extreme conditions with little sunlight or oxygen such as deep sea ocean vents and hot springs<ref>No author http://www.fossilmuseum.net/Paleobiology/Paleobiologysegues/chemotrophs/chemotrophs.htm cited on 05/12/17</ref>. These conditions are needed for [[Chemosynthesis|chemosynthesis]] to occur. this is when bacteria use sulfur containing compounds to produce organic molecules<ref>No author http://www.fossilmuseum.net/Paleobiology/Paleobiologysegues/chemotrophs/chemotrophs.htm cited on 06/12/17</ref>.

=== Chemoheterotroph ===

Chemoheterotrophs cannot synthesise their own organic molecules, therefore they must take in compounds to obtain the carbon such as [[Carbohydrates|carbohydrates]] and [[Lipids|lipids.]] They still obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic molecules. 

These are comprised of mainly:

*[[Javascript:void(0);/*1512561344374*/|bacteria]]
*[[Fungi|fungi]]
*[[Protozoa|protozoa]]

=== References  ===

<references />

Extremophiles

2017-12-06T12:46:09Z

170726670: general information about extremophiles

Extremophiles are organisms with the ability to thrive in extreme conditions (from a human perspective) such as: deep ocean hydroothermal vents<ref>NOAA 10/10/17 https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/extremophile.html</ref>. 

They are mostly prokaryotic.

Extremophiles can be divided into sub-groups relating to environmental conditions in which they grow optimally<ref>https://www.britannica.com/science/extremophile</ref>:

 

{| width="500" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1"
|-
| acidophilic
| optimal growth in acidic conditions (pH 1-5)
|-
| alkaliphilic
| optimal growth alkaline conditions (pH>9)
|-
| halophilic
| environments with high salt concentration
|-
| thermophilic
| optimal growth between 60-80 degrees celsius
|-
| hyperthermophilic
| optimal growth above 80 degrees celsius
|-
| psychrophilic
| optimal growth at 15 degrees celsius or lower
|-
| piezophilic/barophilic
| optimal growth high hydrostatic pressure 
|-
| xerophilic
| growth in dry conditions with low water availabilty 
|-
| oligotrophic
| growth in nutritionally limited environments
|-
| endolithic
|
growth in rocks or pores in mineral grains

|}

some extremophiles have multiple adaptions. e.g. thermoacidophiles  

=== Future advances ===

extromophiles have extremozymes which are the enzymes that enable the organism to live in harsh conditions. This could influence: genetically based medications and industrial chemicals and processes<ref>NOAA 10/10/17 https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/extremophile.html</ref>.  

=== References  ===

<references />

Albumin

2017-12-06T12:15:30Z

170726670:

Albumin is a [[Protein|protein]] found in plasma. It is a protein produced by the liver<ref>Chernecky CC, Berger BJ. Albumin - serum, urine, and 24-hour urine. In: Chernecky CC, Berger BJ, eds. Laboratory Tests and Diagnostic Procedures. 6th ed. St Louis, MO: Elsevier Saunders; 2013:110-112.</ref> which regulates colloidal [[Osmotic pressure|osmotic pressure]] by binding [[Bilirubin|bilirubin]], [[Cations|cations]] and [[Fatty acids|fatty acids]] in the [[Blood|blood]] <ref>SMART. [online] Available at: http://smart.embl.de/smart/do_annotation.pl?DOMAIN=SM00103 [Accessed 21st October 2013]</ref>. 

=== References ===

<references />

Chemoautotrophs

2017-12-06T12:09:55Z

170726670:

Chemotrophs are [[Prokaryotic|prokaryotic]] organisms that obtain their energy source from chemical reactions<ref>Prof. Ricardo Amils Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 2011 pages 288-289 https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-3-642-11274-4_271fckLRcited on 05/12/17</ref>. The energy is obtained from the oxidation of electron donors. These can be organic [[Organotroph|(organotrophs)]] or inoganic ([[Lithotrophs|lithotrophs]]).

chemotrophs can be divided further based on their carbon source. [[Chemoautotroph|Chemoautotroph]] or [[Chemoheterotroph|chemoheterotroph.]]

=== Chemoautotroph ===

Chemoautotrophs can synthesis their own organic molecules from CO2, using energy from the oxidation of inorganic sources e.g. hydrogen sulfide, ammonia and iron<ref>Ricardo Amils, 2014 https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-642-27833-4_278-2fckLRcited on 04/12/17</ref>. Also, most chemoautotrophs are bacteria or [[Archea|archea]] which are known to be [[Extremophiles|extromophiles]]. They thrive in very extreme conditions with little sunlight or oxygen such as deep sea ocean vents and hot springs<ref>No author http://www.fossilmuseum.net/Paleobiology/Paleobiologysegues/chemotrophs/chemotrophs.htm cited on 05/12/17</ref>. These conditions are needed for [[Chemosynthesis|chemosynthesis]] to occur. this is when bacteria use sulfur containing compounds to produce organic molecules<ref>No author http://www.fossilmuseum.net/Paleobiology/Paleobiologysegues/chemotrophs/chemotrophs.htm cited on 06/12/17</ref>.

=== Chemoheterotroph ===

Chemoheterotrophs cannot synthesise their own organic molecules, therefore they must take in compounds to obtain the carbon such as [[Carbohydrates|carbohydrates]] and [[Lipids|lipids<ref>No author
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-microbiology/chapter/types-of-metabolism/ cited on 06/12/17</ref>.]] They still obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic molecules. 

These are comprised of mainly:

*[[Javascript:void(0);/*1512561344374*/|bacteria]]
*[[Fungi|fungi]]
*[[Protozoa|protozoa]]

=== References  ===

<references />

Chemoautotrophs

2017-12-06T12:09:08Z

170726670: basic chemotroph

Chemotrophs are [[Prokaryotic|prokaryotic]] organisms that obtain their energy source from chemical reactions<ref>Prof. Ricardo Amils Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 2011 pages 288-289 https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-3-642-11274-4_271fckLRcited on 05/12/17</ref>. The energy is obtained from the oxidation of electron donors. These can be organic [[Organotroph|(organotrophs)]] or inoganic ([[Lithotrophs|lithotrophs]]).

chemotrophs can be divided further based on their carbon source. [[Chemoautotroph|Chemoautotroph]] or [[Chemoheterotroph|chemoheterotroph.]]

=== Chemoautotroph ===

Chemoautotrophs can synthesis their own organic molecules from CO2, using energy from the oxidation of inorganic sources e.g. hydrogen sulfide, ammonia and iron<ref>Ricardo Amils, 2014 https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-642-27833-4_278-2fckLRcited on 04/12/17</ref>. Also, most chemoautotrophs are bacteria or [[Archea|archea]] which are known to be [[Extremophiles|extromophiles]]. They thrive in very extreme conditions with little sunlight or oxygen such as deep sea ocean vents and hot springs<ref>No author http://www.fossilmuseum.net/Paleobiology/Paleobiologysegues/chemotrophs/chemotrophs.htm cited on 05/12/17</ref>. These conditions are needed for [[Chemosynthesis|chemosynthesis]] to occur. this is when bacteria use sulfur containing compounds to produce organic molecules<ref>No author http://www.fossilmuseum.net/Paleobiology/Paleobiologysegues/chemotrophs/chemotrophs.htm cited on 06/12/17</ref>.

=== Chemoheterotroph ===

Chemoheterotrophs cannot synthesise their own organic molecules, therefore they must take in compounds to obtain the carbon such as [[Carbohydrates|carbohydrates]] and [[Lipids|lipids<ref>No author https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-microbiology/chapter/types-of-metabolism/ cited on 06/12/17</ref>.]] They still obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic molecules. 

These are comprised of mainly:

*[[Javascript:void(0);/*1512561344374*/|bacteria]]
*[[Fungi|fungi]]
*[[Protozoa|protozoa]]

=== References  ===

<references />