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Gram-negative

2018-12-09T17:58:20Z

180345010:

[[Image:Pseudomonas aeruginosa Gram negative bacteria.jpg|thumb|right|400x275px]]The gram-negative [[Bacteria|bacterial]] [[Cell wall|cell walls]] are one of the two types of bacterial cell walls which can be identified by [[Gram staining|the Gram stain test]]. After the Gram stain test Gram-negative bacteria appear red or pink when observed under the [[Microscope|microscope]] as they do not retain the [[Crystal violet|crystal violet dye]] after rinsing and red safranin dye enters the cell wall when counterstaining all due to thin [[Peptidoglycan|peptidoglycan]] layer.

Gram-negative bacteria include ''[[Hemophilus influenzae|Haemophilus influenzae]]'', ''[[E.Coli|Escherichia coli]]<ref>Walsh C. Antibiotics: actions, origins, resistance. Washington: ASM Press. 2003</ref>'' and other bacteria.

=== Cell wall structure of the Gram-negative bacteria ===

The cell envelope of Gram-negative bacteria contains two membranes (outer membrane and inner (cell) membrane). In-between these membranes lies a thin [[Peptidoglycan|peptidoglycan]] layer and the aqueous periplasm where various nutrient-transporting [[Enzyme|enzymes]] and transporters are found. The outer membrane of Gram-negative cell walls is porous to ions, contains toxic lipid parts of lipopolysaccharides<ref>Reece JB et al. Campbell Biology. 9th ed. San Francisco: Pearson Education Inc. 2011</ref> and has defensive properties<ref>Slonczewski J, Foster JW. Microbiology: an evolving science. 4th ed. New York: W. W. Norton &amp; Company. 2016</ref>.

=== Characteristics ===

*Two membranes (inner and outer) in the cell envelope
*A thin layer of peptidoglycan in-between the two membranes
*Porin proteins in the outer membrane limiting the size of molecules entering the cell
*Do not retain crystal violet dye after the Gram stain test

=== Infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria and treatment implications ===

Gram-negative bacteria cause such infections as [[Pneumonia|pneumonia]] and [[Septicaemia|septicaemia]]<ref>Walsh C. Antibiotics: actions, origins, resistance. Washington: ASM Press. 2003</ref>. Gram-negative bacterial cell walls are more complex than [[Gram positive|Gram-positive]] bacterial cell walls as the former possess two membranes and their outer membrane contains porin proteins that limit the size of molecules entering the cell, therefore, preventing large quantities of antibiotics from entering the cell wall where they would take effect<ref>Walsh C. Antibiotics: actions, origins, resistance. Washington: ASM Press. 2003</ref>. As many [[Antibiotics|antibiotics]] inhibit [[Enzyme|enzymes]] important in the assembly of [[Peptidoglycan|peptidoglycan]] layer which in Gram-negative bacteria lies between two membranes, many antibiotics that are effective against Gram-positive bacteria are ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria as they cannot go through the outer membrane and access the peptidoglycan layer inside the cell envelope<ref>Walsh C. Antibiotics: actions, origins, resistance. Washington: ASM Press. 2003</ref>. 

=== References ===

<references />

Gram-negative

2018-12-09T17:54:35Z

180345010: Some information on the page was incorrect: after Gram stain test Gram-negative bacteria do not appear violet and their peptidoglycan layer is not thicker than the peptidoglycan layer of Gram-positive cell walls.

[[Image:Pseudomonas aeruginosa Gram negative bacteria.jpg|thumb|right|400x275px|Pseudomonas aeruginosa Gram negative bacteria.jpg]]The gram-negative [[Bacteria|bacterial]] [[Cell wall|cell walls]] are one of the two types of bacterial cell walls which can be identified by [[Gram staining|the Gram stain test]]. After the Gram stain test Gram-negative bacteria appear red or pink when observed under the [[Microscope|microscope]] as they do not retain the [[Crystal violet|crystal violet dye]] after rinsing and red safranin dye enters the cell wall when counterstaining all due to thin [[Peptidoglycan|peptidoglycan]] layer.

Gram-negative bacteria include ''[[Hemophilus influenzae|Haemophilus influenzae]]'', ''[[E.Coli|Escherichia coli]]<ref>Walsh C. Antibiotics: actions, origins, resistance. Washington: ASM Press. 2003</ref>'' and other bacteria.

=== Cell wall structure of the Gram-negative bacteria ===

The cell envelope of Gram-negative bacteria contains two membranes (outer membrane and inner (cell) membrane). In-between these membranes lies a thin [[Peptidoglycan|peptidoglycan]] layer and the aqueous periplasm where various nutrient-transporting [[Enzyme|enzymes]] and transporters are found. The outer membrane of Gram-negative cell walls is porous to ions, contains toxic lipid parts of lipopolysaccharides<ref>Reece JB et al. Campbell Biology. 9th ed. San Francisco: Pearson Education Inc. 2011</ref> and has defensive properties<ref>Slonczewski J, Foster JW. Microbiology: an evolving science. 4th ed. New York: W. W. Norton &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; Company. 2016</ref>.

=== Characteristics ===

*Two membranes (inner and outer) in the cell envelope
*A thin layer of peptidoglycan in-between the two membranes
*Porin proteins in the outer membrane limiting the size of molecules entering the cell
*Do not retain crystal violet dye after the Gram stain test

=== Infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria and treatment implications ===

Gram-negative bacteria cause such infections as [[Pneumonia|pneumonia]] and [[Septicaemia|septicaemia]]<ref>Walsh C. Antibiotics: actions, origins, resistance. Washington: ASM Press. 2003</ref>. Gram-negative bacterial cell walls are more complex than [[Gram positive|Gram-positive]] bacterial cell walls as the former possess two membranes and their outer membrane contains porin proteins that limit the size of molecules entering the cell, therefore, preventing large quantities of antibiotics from entering the cell wall where they would take effect<ref>Walsh C. Antibiotics: actions, origins, resistance. Washington: ASM Press. 2003</ref>. As many [[Antibiotics|antibiotics]] inhibit [[Enzyme|enzymes]] important in the assembly of [[Peptidoglycan|peptidoglycan]] layer which in Gram-negative bacteria lies between two membranes, many antibiotics that are effective against Gram-positive bacteria are ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria as they cannot go through the outer membrane and access the peptidoglycan layer inside the cell envelope<ref>Walsh C. Antibiotics: actions, origins, resistance. Washington: ASM Press. 2003</ref>. 

=== References ===

<references />

File:Pseudomonas aeruginosa Gram negative bacteria.jpg

2018-12-09T16:48:10Z

180345010: microscopic image of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853). Gram staining, magnification:1,000

microscopic image of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853). Gram staining, magnification:1,000