Antibiotic resistance - Revision history

170790970: Added extra information

2018-11-23T11:19:08Z

Added extra information

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:19, 23 November 2018
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	Antibiotic resistance is when a strain of [[Bacteria\|bacteria]] is not affected by an [[Antibiotic\|antibiotic]], as such the bacteria in question can colonise tissues and cause disease in the presence of antibiotics. This is becoming an increasing problem in many infections and some strains have developed [[Multi-drug resistance (MDR)\|multiple drug resistance]] meaning they are resistant to a range of different antibiotic treatments and combinations. An example of such a virus is MRSA ([[Methicillin-restistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)\|methicillin-restistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'']]) which is very difficult to treat and is causing increasing problems in places such as hospitals where open wounds are present and many of the patients have weakened [[Immune system\|immune systems]]. They are therefore more vulnerable to infection<ref>Chambers H, DeLeo F. Waves of resistance: Staphylococcus aureus in the antibiotic era. Nature Reviews Microbiology [Internet]. 2009 [cited 3 December 2017];7(9):629-641. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2871281/</ref>.		Antibiotic resistance is when a strain of [[Bacteria\|bacteria]] is not affected by an [[Antibiotic\|antibiotic]], as such the bacteria in question can colonise tissues and cause disease in the presence of antibiotics. This is becoming an increasing problem in many infections and some strains have developed [[Multi-drug resistance (MDR)\|multiple drug resistance]] meaning they are resistant to a range of different antibiotic treatments and combinations. An example of such a virus is MRSA ([[Methicillin-restistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)\|methicillin-restistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'']]) which is very difficult to treat and is causing increasing problems in places such as hospitals where open wounds are present and many of the patients have weakened [[Immune system\|immune systems]]. They are therefore more vulnerable to infection<ref>Chambers H, DeLeo F. Waves of resistance: Staphylococcus aureus in the antibiotic era. Nature Reviews Microbiology [Internet]. 2009 [cited 3 December 2017];7(9):629-641. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2871281/</ref>.

	~~One way in which bacteria~~ can ~~become resistant to~~ the ~~antibiotic properties~~ of a ~~drug involves the exposure of the organism~~ to ~~a non-lethal quantity of the drug which will allow the bacteria~~ to ~~adapt to negate the effect of the drug and providing it survives will provide~~ a ~~level of resistance for future exposures and future generation through vertical gene transfer<ref>Silva J. Mechanisms of~~ antibiotic ~~resistance~~. ~~Current Therapeutic Research. 1996~~;~~57(13):30-35.</ref>. Bacteria can also pass these properties~~ to ~~other bacteria through horizontal gene transfer involving the processed of [[Conjugation\|bacterial conjugation]]~~, the ~~exchange of genetic material through~~ the ~~use~~ of ~~a sex pilus, [[Transformation\|bacterial transformation]]~~ the ~~uptake of free DNA from the environment~~, ~~usually plasmid DNA, or [[Transduction\|bacterial transduction]] where~~ the bacteria ~~is injected with foreign DNA through use of a [[Bacteriophage\|bacteriophage]]~~, ~~all can result in antibiotic resistance being passed~~ on<ref>Barlow M. What Antimicrobial Resistance Has Taught Us About Horizontal Gene Transfer. Horizontal Gene Transfer [Internet]. 2009 [cited 3 December 2017];1(1):397-411. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19271198</ref>.		A random genetic mutation can alter the genetics of a bacterial cell and cause it to become resistant to a particular antibiotic/s. Once exposed to that antibiotic, the resistant bacteria survives whereas the other members of the colony are killed. This removes competition, allowing the mutated bacteria to reproduce quickly, passing on the mutated gene to its progeny and eventually forming a resistant colony.

	=== References ===		Another way in which bacteria can become resistant to the antibiotic properties of a drug involves the exposure of the organism to a non-lethal quantity of the drug which will allow the bacteria to adapt to negate the effect of the drug and providing it survives will provide a level of resistance for future exposures and future generation through vertical gene transfer<ref>Silva J. Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. Current Therapeutic Research. 1996;57(13):30-35.</ref>. Bacteria can also pass these properties to other bacteria through horizontal gene transfer involving the processed of [[Conjugation\|bacterial conjugation]], the exchange of genetic material through the use of a sex pilus, [[Transformation\|bacterial transformation]] the uptake of free DNA from the environment, usually plasmid DNA, or [[Transduction\|bacterial transduction]] where the bacteria is injected with foreign DNA through use of a [[Bacteriophage\|bacteriophage]], all can result in antibiotic resistance being passed on<ref>Barlow M. What Antimicrobial Resistance Has Taught Us About Horizontal Gene Transfer. Horizontal Gene Transfer [Internet]. 2009 [cited 3 December 2017];1(1):397-411. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19271198</ref>.

			=== References ===

	<references />		<references />

Nnjm2: Added the references correctly, that is, I added them as explained in the lecture. Cleaned up the text. Removed some stray code.

2017-12-04T19:55:21Z

Added the references correctly, that is, I added them as explained in the lecture. Cleaned up the text. Removed some stray code.

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:55, 4 December 2017
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	Antibiotic resistance is when a strain of [[Bacteria\|bacteria]]~~ ~~is not affected by an [[Antibiotic\|antibiotic]], as such the bacteria in question can colonise tissues and cause disease in the presence of antibiotics. This is becoming an increasing problem in many infections and some strains have developed [[Multi-drug resistance (MDR)\|multiple drug resistance]] meaning they are resistant to a range of different antibiotic treatments and combinations. An example of such a virus is MRSA ([[Methicillin-restistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)\|methicillin-restistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'']]) which is very difficult to treat and is causing increasing problems in places such as hospitals where open wounds are present and many of the patients have weakened [[Immune system\|immune systems]]. They are therefore more vulnerable to infection~~. ~~<ref>Chambers H, DeLeo F. Waves of resistance: Staphylococcus aureus in the antibiotic era. Nature Reviews Microbiology [Internet]. 2009 [cited 3 December 2017];7(9):629-641. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2871281/</ref><br><br>One way in which bacteria can become resistance to the antibiotic properties of a drug involves the exposure of the organism to a non-lethal quantity of the drug which will allow the bacteria to adapt to negate the effect of the drug and providing it survives will provide a level of resistance for future exposures and future generation through vertical gene transfer. <ref>Silva J. Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. Current Therapeutic Research. 1996;57(13):30-35.</ref><span style="font-size: 13.28px;">Bacteria can also pass these properties to other bacteria through horizontal gene transfer involving the processed of [[Conjugation\|bacterial conjugation]], the exchange of genetic material through use of a sex pilus, [[Transformation\|bacterial transformation]] the uptake of free DNA from the environment, usually plasmid DNA, or [[Transduction\|bacterial transduction]] where the bacteria is injected with foreign DNA through use of a [[Bacteriophage\|bacteriophage]], all can result in antibiotic resistance being passed on. <ref>Barlow M. What Antimicrobial Resistance Has Taught Us About Horizontal Gene Transfer. Horizontal Gene Transfer [Internet]. 2009 [cited 3 December 2017];1(1):397-411. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19271198</ref></span>		Antibiotic resistance is when a strain of [[Bacteria\|bacteria]] is not affected by an [[Antibiotic\|antibiotic]], as such the bacteria in question can colonise tissues and cause disease in the presence of antibiotics. This is becoming an increasing problem in many infections and some strains have developed [[Multi-drug resistance (MDR)\|multiple drug resistance]] meaning they are resistant to a range of different antibiotic treatments and combinations. An example of such a virus is MRSA ([[Methicillin-restistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)\|methicillin-restistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'']]) which is very difficult to treat and is causing increasing problems in places such as hospitals where open wounds are present and many of the patients have weakened [[Immune system\|immune systems]]. They are therefore more vulnerable to infection<ref>Chambers H, DeLeo F. Waves of resistance: Staphylococcus aureus in the antibiotic era. Nature Reviews Microbiology [Internet]. 2009 [cited 3 December 2017];7(9):629-641. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2871281/</ref>.

	<br><references />		One way in which bacteria can become resistant to the antibiotic properties of a drug involves the exposure of the organism to a non-lethal quantity of the drug which will allow the bacteria to adapt to negate the effect of the drug and providing it survives will provide a level of resistance for future exposures and future generation through vertical gene transfer<ref>Silva J. Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. Current Therapeutic Research. 1996;57(13):30-35.</ref>. Bacteria can also pass these properties to other bacteria through horizontal gene transfer involving the processed of [[Conjugation\|bacterial conjugation]], the exchange of genetic material through the use of a sex pilus, [[Transformation\|bacterial transformation]] the uptake of free DNA from the environment, usually plasmid DNA, or [[Transduction\|bacterial transduction]] where the bacteria is injected with foreign DNA through use of a [[Bacteriophage\|bacteriophage]], all can result in antibiotic resistance being passed on<ref>Barlow M. What Antimicrobial Resistance Has Taught Us About Horizontal Gene Transfer. Horizontal Gene Transfer [Internet]. 2009 [cited 3 December 2017];1(1):397-411. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19271198</ref>.

			=== References ===

			<references />

160446287: Expanded with additional information, added all references, edited and inserted links

2017-12-03T15:39:54Z

Expanded with additional information, added all references, edited and inserted links

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:39, 3 December 2017
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	Antibiotic resistance is when a strain of [[Bacteria\|bacteria]] ~~or fungi~~ is not affected by an [[Antibiotic\|antibiotic]], as such the bacteria ~~or fungi~~ in question can colonise tissues and cause disease in the presence of antibiotics. This is becoming an increasing problem in many infections and some strains have developed [[Multi-drug resistance (MDR)\|multiple drug resistance]] meaning they are resistant to a range of different antibiotic treatments and combinations. An example of such a virus is MRSA ([[Methicillin-restistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)\|methicillin-restistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'']]) which is very difficult to treat and is causing increasing problems in places such as hospitals where open wounds are present and many of the patients have weakened [[~~immune~~ system\|immune systems]]. They are therefore more vulnerable to infection.		Antibiotic resistance is when a strain of [[Bacteria\|bacteria]] is not affected by an [[Antibiotic\|antibiotic]], as such the bacteria in question can colonise tissues and cause disease in the presence of antibiotics. This is becoming an increasing problem in many infections and some strains have developed [[Multi-drug resistance (MDR)\|multiple drug resistance]] meaning they are resistant to a range of different antibiotic treatments and combinations. An example of such a virus is MRSA ([[Methicillin-restistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)\|methicillin-restistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'']]) which is very difficult to treat and is causing increasing problems in places such as hospitals where open wounds are present and many of the patients have weakened [[Immune system\|immune systems]]. They are therefore more vulnerable to infection. <ref>Chambers H, DeLeo F. Waves of resistance: Staphylococcus aureus in the antibiotic era. Nature Reviews Microbiology [Internet]. 2009 [cited 3 December 2017];7(9):629-641. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2871281/</ref><br><br>One way in which bacteria can become resistance to the antibiotic properties of a drug involves the exposure of the organism to a non-lethal quantity of the drug which will allow the bacteria to adapt to negate the effect of the drug and providing it survives will provide a level of resistance for future exposures and future generation through vertical gene transfer. <ref>Silva J. Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. Current Therapeutic Research. 1996;57(13):30-35.</ref><span style="font-size: 13.28px;">Bacteria can also pass these properties to other bacteria through horizontal gene transfer involving the processed of [[Conjugation\|bacterial conjugation]], the exchange of genetic material through use of a sex pilus, [[Transformation\|bacterial transformation]] the uptake of free DNA from the environment, usually plasmid DNA, or [[Transduction\|bacterial transduction]] where the bacteria is injected with foreign DNA through use of a [[Bacteriophage\|bacteriophage]], all can result in antibiotic resistance being passed on. <ref>Barlow M. What Antimicrobial Resistance Has Taught Us About Horizontal Gene Transfer. Horizontal Gene Transfer [Internet]. 2009 [cited 3 December 2017];1(1):397-411. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19271198</ref></span>

			<br><references />

Nnjm2 at 18:57, 23 October 2017

2017-10-23T18:57:57Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:57, 23 October 2017
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	Antibiotic resistance is when a strain of [[Bacteria\|bacteria]]~~ ~~or fungi~~ ~~is not affected by an [[Antibiotic\|antibiotic]], as such the bacteria or fungi in question can colonise tissues and cause disease in the presence of antibiotics. This is becoming an increasing problem in many infections and some strains have developed [[Multi-~~drug_resistance_~~(MDR)\|multiple drug resistance]] meaning they are resistant to a range of different antibiotic treatments and combinations. An example of such a virus is MRSA ([[Methicillin-restistant ~~Staphlycoccus~~ aureus (MRSA)\|methicillin-restistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'']])~~ ~~which is very difficult to treat and is~~ ~~causing increasing problems in places such as hospitals where open wounds are present and many of the patients have weakened immune systems. They are therefore more vulnerable to infection.		Antibiotic resistance is when a strain of [[Bacteria\|bacteria]] or fungi is not affected by an [[Antibiotic\|antibiotic]], as such the bacteria or fungi in question can colonise tissues and cause disease in the presence of antibiotics. This is becoming an increasing problem in many infections and some strains have developed [[Multi-drug resistance (MDR)\|multiple drug resistance]] meaning they are resistant to a range of different antibiotic treatments and combinations. An example of such a virus is MRSA ([[Methicillin-restistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)\|methicillin-restistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'']]) which is very difficult to treat and is causing increasing problems in places such as hospitals where open wounds are present and many of the patients have weakened [[immune system\|immune systems]]. They are therefore more vulnerable to infection.

160248773 at 13:04, 23 October 2017

2017-10-23T13:04:28Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:04, 23 October 2017
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	Antibiotic resistance is when a strain of [[Bacteria\|bacteria]] or fungi is not affected by an antibiotic, as such the bacteria or fungi in question can colonise tissues and cause disease in the presence of antibiotics. This is becoming an increasing problem in many infections and some strains have developed multiple drug resistance meaning they are resistant to a range of different antibiotic treatments and combinations. An example of such a virus is MRSA ([[Methicillin-restistant Staphlycoccus aureus (MRSA)\|methicillin-restistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'']]) which is very difficult to treat and is causing increasing problems in places such as hospitals where open wounds are present and many of the patients have weakened immune systems. They are therefore more vulnerable to infection.		Antibiotic resistance is when a strain of [[Bacteria\|bacteria]] or fungi is not affected by an [[Antibiotic\|antibiotic]], as such the bacteria or fungi in question can colonise tissues and cause disease in the presence of antibiotics. This is becoming an increasing problem in many infections and some strains have developed [[Multi-drug_resistance_(MDR)\|multiple drug resistance]] meaning they are resistant to a range of different antibiotic treatments and combinations. An example of such a virus is MRSA ([[Methicillin-restistant Staphlycoccus aureus (MRSA)\|methicillin-restistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'']]) which is very difficult to treat and is causing increasing problems in places such as hospitals where open wounds are present and many of the patients have weakened immune systems. They are therefore more vulnerable to infection.

150270319 at 21:27, 3 December 2015

2015-12-03T21:27:16Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:27, 3 December 2015
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	Antibiotic resistance is when a strain of [[Bacteria\|bacteria]] or ~~[[Virus\|virus]]~~ is not affected by an antibiotic~~. It survives~~ and ~~continues to~~ cause ~~infection~~. This is becoming an increasing problem in many infections and some strains have developed multiple drug resistance meaning they are resistant to a range of different antibiotic treatments and combinations. An example of such a virus is MRSA ([[Methicillin-restistant Staphlycoccus aureus (MRSA)\|methicillin-restistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'']]) which is very difficult to treat and is causing increasing problems in places such as hospitals where open wounds are present and many of the patients have weakened immune systems. They are therefore more vulnerable to infection.		Antibiotic resistance is when a strain of [[Bacteria\|bacteria]] or fungi is not affected by an antibiotic, as such the bacteria or fungi in question can colonise tissues and cause disease in the presence of antibiotics. This is becoming an increasing problem in many infections and some strains have developed multiple drug resistance meaning they are resistant to a range of different antibiotic treatments and combinations. An example of such a virus is MRSA ([[Methicillin-restistant Staphlycoccus aureus (MRSA)\|methicillin-restistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'']]) which is very difficult to treat and is causing increasing problems in places such as hospitals where open wounds are present and many of the patients have weakened immune systems. They are therefore more vulnerable to infection.

150302643 at 18:25, 3 December 2015

2015-12-03T18:25:20Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:25, 3 December 2015
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	Antibiotic resistance is when a strain of [[Bacteria\|bacteria]] or [[Virus\|virus]] is not affected by an antibiotic~~, it~~ survives~~ ~~continues to cause infection. This is becoming an increasing problem in many infections and some strains have developed multiple drug resistance meaning they are resistant to a range of different antibiotic treatments and combinations. An ~~exapmle~~ of such a virus is MRSA ([[~~methicillin~~-restistant Staphlycoccus aureus (MRSA)\|methicillin-restistant ''~~Staphlycoccus~~ aureus'']]) which is very difficult to treat and is causing increasing problems in places such as hospitals where open wounds are present and many of the patients have weakened immune systems therefore more vulnerable to infection.		Antibiotic resistance is when a strain of [[Bacteria\|bacteria]] or [[Virus\|virus]] is not affected by an antibiotic. It survives and continues to cause infection. This is becoming an increasing problem in many infections and some strains have developed multiple drug resistance meaning they are resistant to a range of different antibiotic treatments and combinations. An example of such a virus is MRSA ([[Methicillin-restistant Staphlycoccus aureus (MRSA)\|methicillin-restistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'']]) which is very difficult to treat and is causing increasing problems in places such as hospitals where open wounds are present and many of the patients have weakened immune systems. They are therefore more vulnerable to infection.

Nnjm2: Shocking lack of links, so added some in.

2013-10-24T06:49:12Z

Shocking lack of links, so added some in.

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:49, 24 October 2013
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	Antibiotic resistance is when a strain of bacteria or virus is not affected by an antibiotic, it survives continues to cause infection. This is becoming an increasing problem in many infections and some strains have developed multiple drug resistance meaning they are resistant to a range of different antibiotic treatments and combinations. An exapmle of ~~sucha~~ virus is ~~mrsa ~~(methicillin-restistant ~~staphlycoccus~~ aureus) which is very difficult to treat and is causing increasing problems in places such as hospitals where open wounds are present and many of the patients have weakened immune systems therefore more vulnerable to infection.		Antibiotic resistance is when a strain of [[Bacteria\|bacteria]] or [[Virus\|virus]] is not affected by an antibiotic, it survives continues to cause infection. This is becoming an increasing problem in many infections and some strains have developed multiple drug resistance meaning they are resistant to a range of different antibiotic treatments and combinations. An exapmle of such a virus is MRSA ([[methicillin-restistant Staphlycoccus aureus (MRSA)\|methicillin-restistant ''Staphlycoccus aureus'']]) which is very difficult to treat and is causing increasing problems in places such as hospitals where open wounds are present and many of the patients have weakened immune systems therefore more vulnerable to infection.

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2013-10-22T12:30:29Z

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Antibiotic resistance is when a strain of bacteria or virus is not affected by an antibiotic, it survives continues to cause infection. This is becoming an increasing problem in many infections and some strains have developed multiple drug resistance meaning they are resistant to a range of different antibiotic treatments and combinations. An exapmle of sucha virus is mrsa (methicillin-restistant staphlycoccus aureus) which is very difficult to treat and is causing increasing problems in places such as hospitals where open wounds are present and many of the patients have weakened immune systems therefore more vulnerable to infection.