Cancer immunotherapy - Revision history

Nnjm2 at 09:38, 10 December 2018

2018-12-10T09:38:08Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:38, 10 December 2018
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	[[Cancer\|Cancer]] immunotherapy involves treatments that harness the intrinsic mechanisms of the patient's own [[Immune system\|immune system]] to trigger a targeted immune response against [[Tumour\| tumour cells]]<ref>What is Immunotherapy. Cancer Research Institute. [cited 08/12/2018]. Available from: https://www.cancerresearch.org/immunotherapy/what-is-immunotherapy</ref>. Having originated from aberrant [[Gene expression\|gene expression and]] [[Mutation\|mutations]], cancer cells display many non-self [[Antigen\|antigens]] from mutant proteins, known as neoantigens, that are specific to a tumour and thus have the potential to be recognized by the immune system<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. However, most often than not, tumour cells evade immune response by repressing the activities of [[T cells\|T-lymphocytes]]<ref>Newman T. How does cancer evade the immune system? New mechanism revealed. Medical News Today. MediLexicon International; 2017 [cited 09/10/2018]. Available from: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320177.php</ref>. Targeted immunotherapy treatments, such as adoptive cell transfer and engineered T-cell methods, exploit the [[Cytotoxic t cells\|cytotoxic T-cells]] to counteract this evasion<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>.		[[Cancer\|Cancer]] immunotherapy involves treatments that harness the intrinsic mechanisms of the patient's own [[Immune system\|immune system]] to trigger a targeted immune response against [[Tumour\|tumour cells]]<ref>What is Immunotherapy. Cancer Research Institute. [cited 08/12/2018]. Available from: https://www.cancerresearch.org/immunotherapy/what-is-immunotherapy</ref>. Having originated from aberrant [[Gene expression\|gene expression and]] [[Mutation\|mutations]], cancer cells display many non-self [[Antigen\|antigens]] from mutant proteins, known as neoantigens, that are specific to a tumour and thus have the potential to be recognized by the immune system<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. However, most often than not, tumour cells evade immune response by repressing the activities of [[T cells\|T-lymphocytes]]<ref>Newman T. How does cancer evade the immune system? New mechanism revealed. Medical News Today. MediLexicon International; 2017 [cited 09/10/2018]. Available from: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320177.php</ref>. Targeted immunotherapy treatments, such as adoptive cell transfer and engineered T-cell methods, exploit the [[Cytotoxic t cells\|cytotoxic T-cells]] to counteract this evasion<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>.

	=== Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) ===		=== Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) ===

	ACT involves manipulation of the tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), tumour-associated lymphocytes that can recognize tumour antigens<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. The process involves extracting the tumour specimen, selecting the tumour-specific TILs and amplifying them in vitro using [[Growth factor\|growth factors]] and finally reintroducing the amplified cells plus growth factors into the patient. While this in vitro procedure is being done, the patient is given chemotherapy to eliminate the immune cells that repress the activity of activated T-cells<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. The adoptive cells can continue to expand using the growth factors after reinfusion. Thus the ability to attack cancer cells is maximized<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. There have been promising results in ACT clinical trials in patients with metastatic melanoma, cervical cancer and some blood cancers etc. <ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>.		ACT involves manipulation of the tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), tumour-associated lymphocytes that can recognize tumour antigens<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. The process involves extracting the tumour specimen, selecting the tumour-specific TILs and amplifying them in vitro using [[Growth factor\|growth factors]] and finally reintroducing the amplified cells plus growth factors into the patient. While this in vitro procedure is being done, the patient is given chemotherapy to eliminate the immune cells that repress the activity of activated T-cells<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. The adoptive cells can continue to expand using the growth factors after reinfusion. Thus the ability to attack cancer cells is maximized<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. There have been promising results in ACT clinical trials in patients with metastatic melanoma, cervical cancer and some blood cancers etc.<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>.

	=== Genetically engineered T-cells ===		=== Genetically engineered T-cells ===

Nnjm2 at 09:37, 10 December 2018

2018-12-10T09:37:54Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:37, 10 December 2018
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	= Cancer Immunotherapy =		[[Cancer\|Cancer]] immunotherapy involves treatments that harness the intrinsic mechanisms of the patient's own [[Immune system\|immune system]] to trigger a targeted immune response against [[Tumour\| tumour cells]]<ref>What is Immunotherapy. Cancer Research Institute. [cited 08/12/2018]. Available from: https://www.cancerresearch.org/immunotherapy/what-is-immunotherapy</ref>. Having originated from aberrant [[Gene expression\|gene expression and]] [[Mutation\|mutations]], cancer cells display many non-self [[Antigen\|antigens]] from mutant proteins, known as neoantigens, that are specific to a tumour and thus have the potential to be recognized by the immune system<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. However, most often than not, tumour cells evade immune response by repressing the activities of [[T cells\|T-lymphocytes]]<ref>Newman T. How does cancer evade the immune system? New mechanism revealed. Medical News Today. MediLexicon International; 2017 [cited 09/10/2018]. Available from: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320177.php</ref>. Targeted immunotherapy treatments, such as adoptive cell transfer and engineered T-cell methods, exploit the [[Cytotoxic t cells\|cytotoxic T-cells]] to counteract this evasion<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>.

	[[Cancer\|Cancer]] immunotherapy involves treatments that harness the intrinsic mechanisms of the patient's own [[Immune system\|immune system]] to trigger a targeted immune response against [[Tumour\|tumor cells]]<ref>What is Immunotherapy. Cancer Research Institute. [cited 08/12/2018]. Available from: https://www.cancerresearch.org/immunotherapy/what-is-immunotherapy</ref>. Having originated from aberrant [[Gene expression\|gene expression and]] [[Mutation\|mutations]], cancer cells display many non-self [[Antigen\|antigens]] from mutant proteins, known as neoantigens, that are specific to the tumor and thus have the potential to be recognized by the immune system<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. However, most often than not, tumor cells evade immune response by repressing the activities of [[T cells\|T-lymphocytes]]<ref>Newman T. How does cancer evade the immune system? New mechanism revealed. Medical News Today. MediLexicon International; 2017 [cited 09/10/2018]. Available from: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320177.php</ref>. Targeted immunotherapy treatments, such as adoptive cell transfer and engineered T-cell methods, exploit the [[Cytotoxic t cells\|cytotoxic T-cells]] to counteract this evasion<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>.		=== Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) ===

	~~== Adoptive cell transfer~~ (ACT~~) ==~~		ACT involves manipulation of the tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), tumour-associated lymphocytes that can recognize tumour antigens<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. The process involves extracting the tumour specimen, selecting the tumour-specific TILs and amplifying them in vitro using [[Growth factor\|growth factors]] and finally reintroducing the amplified cells plus growth factors into the patient. While this in vitro procedure is being done, the patient is given chemotherapy to eliminate the immune cells that repress the activity of activated T-cells<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. The adoptive cells can continue to expand using the growth factors after reinfusion. Thus the ability to attack cancer cells is maximized<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. There have been promising results in ACT clinical trials in patients with metastatic melanoma, cervical cancer and some blood cancers etc. <ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>.

	ACT involves manipulation of the tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), tumor-associated lymphocytes that can recognize tumor antigens<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. The process involves extracting the tumor specimen, selecting the tumor-specific TILs and amplifying them in vitro using [[Growth factor\|growth factors]] and finally reintroducing the amplified cells plus growth factors into the patient. While this in vitro procedure is being done, the patient is given chemotherapy to eliminate the immune cells that repress the activity of activated T-cells<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. The adoptive cells can continue to expand using the growth factors after reinfusion, thus the ability to attack cancer cells is maximized<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref> There has been promising results in ACT clinical trials in patients with metastatic melanoma, cervical cancer and some blood cancers etc.<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>.<br>		=== Genetically engineered T-cells ===

	~~== Genetically engineered~~ T-cells ==		This method involves genetically introducing [[Recombinant DNA Technology\|recombinant]] T-cell receptors (TCRs) that are specific to antigens on tumour cells<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. Synthetic TCR gene sequences are "introduced in vitro into patients' normal T-cells, the recombinant cells are then selected, amplified and reinfused into the patient"<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. Evidence from clinical trials has shown positive results in treating leukaemias and lymphomas<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>.

	This method involves genetically introducing [[Recombinant DNA Technology\|recombinant]] T-cell receptors (TCRs) that are specific to antigens on tumor cells<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. Synthetic TCR gene sequences are "introduced in vitro into patients' normal T-cells, the recombinant cells are then selected, amplified and reinfused into the patient"<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. Evidence from clinical trials has shown positive results in treating leukemias and lymphomas<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>.		=== References ===

	~~== References<br> ==~~		<references />

	<references />

	~~          <br>~~

	~~          <br>~~

	~~<br~~>

180646386 at 01:12, 10 December 2018

2018-12-10T01:12:47Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:12, 10 December 2018
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	[[Cancer\|Cancer]] immunotherapy involves treatments that harness the intrinsic mechanisms of the patient's own [[Immune system\|immune system]] to trigger a targeted immune response against [[Tumour\|tumor cells]]<ref>What is Immunotherapy. Cancer Research Institute. [cited 08/12/2018]. Available from: https://www.cancerresearch.org/immunotherapy/what-is-immunotherapy</ref>. Having originated from aberrant [[Gene expression\|gene expression and]] [[Mutation\|mutations]], cancer cells display many non-self [[Antigen\|antigens]] from mutant proteins, known as neoantigens, that are specific to the tumor and thus have the potential to be recognized by the immune system<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. However, most often than not, tumor cells evade immune response by repressing the activities of [[T cells\|T-lymphocytes]]<ref>Newman T. How does cancer evade the immune system? New mechanism revealed. Medical News Today. MediLexicon International; 2017 [cited 09/10/2018]. Available from: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320177.php</ref>. Targeted immunotherapy treatments, such as adoptive cell transfer and engineered T-cell methods, exploit the [[Cytotoxic t cells\|cytotoxic T-cells]] to counteract this evasion<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>.		[[Cancer\|Cancer]] immunotherapy involves treatments that harness the intrinsic mechanisms of the patient's own [[Immune system\|immune system]] to trigger a targeted immune response against [[Tumour\|tumor cells]]<ref>What is Immunotherapy. Cancer Research Institute. [cited 08/12/2018]. Available from: https://www.cancerresearch.org/immunotherapy/what-is-immunotherapy</ref>. Having originated from aberrant [[Gene expression\|gene expression and]] [[Mutation\|mutations]], cancer cells display many non-self [[Antigen\|antigens]] from mutant proteins, known as neoantigens, that are specific to the tumor and thus have the potential to be recognized by the immune system<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. However, most often than not, tumor cells evade immune response by repressing the activities of [[T cells\|T-lymphocytes]]<ref>Newman T. How does cancer evade the immune system? New mechanism revealed. Medical News Today. MediLexicon International; 2017 [cited 09/10/2018]. Available from: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320177.php</ref>. Targeted immunotherapy treatments, such as adoptive cell transfer and engineered T-cell methods, exploit the [[Cytotoxic t cells\|cytotoxic T-cells]] to counteract this evasion<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>.

	=== Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) ===		== Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) ==

	ACT involves manipulation of the tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), tumor-associated lymphocytes that can recognize tumor antigens<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. The process involves extracting the tumor specimen, selecting the tumor-specific TILs and amplifying them in vitro using [[Growth factor\|growth factors]] and finally reintroducing the amplified cells plus growth factors into the patient. While this in vitro procedure is being done, the patient is given chemotherapy to eliminate the immune cells that repress the activity of activated T-cells<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. The adoptive cells can continue to expand using the growth factors after reinfusion, thus the ability to attack cancer cells is maximized<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref> There has been promising results in ACT clinical trials in patients with metastatic melanoma, cervical cancer and some blood cancers etc.<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>.<br>		ACT involves manipulation of the tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), tumor-associated lymphocytes that can recognize tumor antigens<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. The process involves extracting the tumor specimen, selecting the tumor-specific TILs and amplifying them in vitro using [[Growth factor\|growth factors]] and finally reintroducing the amplified cells plus growth factors into the patient. While this in vitro procedure is being done, the patient is given chemotherapy to eliminate the immune cells that repress the activity of activated T-cells<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. The adoptive cells can continue to expand using the growth factors after reinfusion, thus the ability to attack cancer cells is maximized<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref> There has been promising results in ACT clinical trials in patients with metastatic melanoma, cervical cancer and some blood cancers etc.<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>.<br>

	=== Genetically engineered T-cells ===		== Genetically engineered T-cells ==

	This method involves genetically introducing [[Recombinant DNA Technology\|recombinant]] T-cell receptors (TCRs) that are specific to antigens on tumor cells<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. Synthetic TCR gene sequences are "introduced in vitro into patients' normal T-cells, the recombinant cells are then selected, amplified and reinfused into the patient"<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. Evidence from clinical trials has shown positive results in treating leukemias and lymphomas<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>.		This method involves genetically introducing [[Recombinant DNA Technology\|recombinant]] T-cell receptors (TCRs) that are specific to antigens on tumor cells<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. Synthetic TCR gene sequences are "introduced in vitro into patients' normal T-cells, the recombinant cells are then selected, amplified and reinfused into the patient"<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. Evidence from clinical trials has shown positive results in treating leukemias and lymphomas<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>.

180646386 at 01:12, 10 December 2018

2018-12-10T01:12:06Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:12, 10 December 2018
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	[[Cancer\|Cancer]] immunotherapy involves treatments that harness the intrinsic mechanisms of the patient's own [[Immune system\|immune system]] to trigger a targeted immune response against [[Tumour\|tumor cells]]<ref>What is Immunotherapy. Cancer Research Institute. [cited 08/12/2018]. Available from: https://www.cancerresearch.org/immunotherapy/what-is-immunotherapy</ref>. Having originated from aberrant [[Gene expression\|gene expression and]] [[Mutation\|mutations]], cancer cells display many non-self [[Antigen\|antigens]] from mutant proteins, known as neoantigens, that are specific to the tumor and thus have the potential to be recognized by the immune system<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. However, most often than not, tumor cells evade immune response by repressing the activities of [[T cells\|T-lymphocytes]]<ref>Newman T. How does cancer evade the immune system? New mechanism revealed. Medical News Today. MediLexicon International; 2017 [cited 09/10/2018]. Available from: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320177.php</ref>. Targeted immunotherapy treatments, such as adoptive cell transfer and engineered T-cell methods, exploit the [[Cytotoxic t cells\|cytotoxic T-cells]] to counteract this evasion<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>.		[[Cancer\|Cancer]] immunotherapy involves treatments that harness the intrinsic mechanisms of the patient's own [[Immune system\|immune system]] to trigger a targeted immune response against [[Tumour\|tumor cells]]<ref>What is Immunotherapy. Cancer Research Institute. [cited 08/12/2018]. Available from: https://www.cancerresearch.org/immunotherapy/what-is-immunotherapy</ref>. Having originated from aberrant [[Gene expression\|gene expression and]] [[Mutation\|mutations]], cancer cells display many non-self [[Antigen\|antigens]] from mutant proteins, known as neoantigens, that are specific to the tumor and thus have the potential to be recognized by the immune system<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. However, most often than not, tumor cells evade immune response by repressing the activities of [[T cells\|T-lymphocytes]]<ref>Newman T. How does cancer evade the immune system? New mechanism revealed. Medical News Today. MediLexicon International; 2017 [cited 09/10/2018]. Available from: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320177.php</ref>. Targeted immunotherapy treatments, such as adoptive cell transfer and engineered T-cell methods, exploit the [[Cytotoxic t cells\|cytotoxic T-cells]] to counteract this evasion<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>.

	*<br>		=== Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) ===

	== Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) ==

	ACT involves manipulation of the tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), tumor-associated lymphocytes that can recognize tumor antigens<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. The process involves extracting the tumor specimen, selecting the tumor-specific TILs and amplifying them in vitro using [[Growth factor\|growth factors]] and finally reintroducing the amplified cells plus growth factors into the patient. While this in vitro procedure is being done, the patient is given chemotherapy to eliminate the immune cells that repress the activity of activated T-cells<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. The adoptive cells can continue to expand using the growth factors after reinfusion, thus the ability to attack cancer cells is maximized<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref> There has been promising results in ACT clinical trials in patients with metastatic melanoma, cervical cancer and some blood cancers etc.<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>.<br>		ACT involves manipulation of the tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), tumor-associated lymphocytes that can recognize tumor antigens<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. The process involves extracting the tumor specimen, selecting the tumor-specific TILs and amplifying them in vitro using [[Growth factor\|growth factors]] and finally reintroducing the amplified cells plus growth factors into the patient. While this in vitro procedure is being done, the patient is given chemotherapy to eliminate the immune cells that repress the activity of activated T-cells<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. The adoptive cells can continue to expand using the growth factors after reinfusion, thus the ability to attack cancer cells is maximized<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref> There has been promising results in ACT clinical trials in patients with metastatic melanoma, cervical cancer and some blood cancers etc.<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>.<br>

	*<br>		=== Genetically engineered T-cells ===

	== Genetically engineered T-cells ==

	This method involves genetically introducing [[Recombinant DNA Technology\|recombinant]] T-cell receptors (TCRs) that are specific to antigens on tumor cells<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. Synthetic TCR gene sequences are "introduced in vitro into patients' normal T-cells, the recombinant cells are then selected, amplified and reinfused into the patient"<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. Evidence from clinical trials has shown positive results in treating leukemias and lymphomas<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>.		This method involves genetically introducing [[Recombinant DNA Technology\|recombinant]] T-cell receptors (TCRs) that are specific to antigens on tumor cells<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. Synthetic TCR gene sequences are "introduced in vitro into patients' normal T-cells, the recombinant cells are then selected, amplified and reinfused into the patient"<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. Evidence from clinical trials has shown positive results in treating leukemias and lymphomas<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>.

180646386 at 01:10, 10 December 2018

2018-12-10T01:10:55Z

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	[[Cancer\|Cancer]] immunotherapy involves treatments that harness the intrinsic mechanisms of the patient's own [[Immune system\|immune system]] to trigger a targeted immune response against [[Tumour\|tumor cells]]<ref>What is Immunotherapy. Cancer Research Institute. [cited 08/12/2018]. Available from: https://www.cancerresearch.org/immunotherapy/what-is-immunotherapy</ref>. Having originated from aberrant [[Gene expression\|gene expression and]] [[Mutation\|mutations]], cancer cells display many non-self [[Antigen\|antigens]] from mutant proteins, known as neoantigens, that are specific to the tumor and thus have the potential to be recognized by the immune system<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. However, most often than not, tumor cells evade immune response by repressing the activities of [[T cells\|T-lymphocytes]]<ref>Newman T. How does cancer evade the immune system? New mechanism revealed. Medical News Today. MediLexicon International; 2017 [cited 09/10/2018]. Available from: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320177.php</ref>. Targeted immunotherapy treatments, such as adoptive cell transfer and engineered T-cell methods, exploit the [[Cytotoxic t cells\|cytotoxic T-cells]] to counteract this evasion<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>.		[[Cancer\|Cancer]] immunotherapy involves treatments that harness the intrinsic mechanisms of the patient's own [[Immune system\|immune system]] to trigger a targeted immune response against [[Tumour\|tumor cells]]<ref>What is Immunotherapy. Cancer Research Institute. [cited 08/12/2018]. Available from: https://www.cancerresearch.org/immunotherapy/what-is-immunotherapy</ref>. Having originated from aberrant [[Gene expression\|gene expression and]] [[Mutation\|mutations]], cancer cells display many non-self [[Antigen\|antigens]] from mutant proteins, known as neoantigens, that are specific to the tumor and thus have the potential to be recognized by the immune system<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. However, most often than not, tumor cells evade immune response by repressing the activities of [[T cells\|T-lymphocytes]]<ref>Newman T. How does cancer evade the immune system? New mechanism revealed. Medical News Today. MediLexicon International; 2017 [cited 09/10/2018]. Available from: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320177.php</ref>. Targeted immunotherapy treatments, such as adoptive cell transfer and engineered T-cell methods, exploit the [[Cytotoxic t cells\|cytotoxic T-cells]] to counteract this evasion<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>.

	*		*<br>

	== Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) ==		== Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) ==

	~~   ~~ ACT involves manipulation of the tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), tumor-associated lymphocytes that can recognize tumor antigens<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. The process involves extracting the tumor specimen, selecting the tumor-specific TILs and amplifying them in vitro using [[Growth factor\|growth factors]] and finally reintroducing the amplified cells plus growth factors into the patient. While this in vitro procedure is being done, the patient is given chemotherapy to eliminate the immune cells that repress the activity of activated T-cells<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. The adoptive cells can continue to expand using the growth factors after reinfusion, thus the ability to attack cancer cells is maximized<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref> There has been promising results in ACT clinical trials in patients with metastatic melanoma, cervical cancer and some blood cancers etc.<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>.<br>		ACT involves manipulation of the tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), tumor-associated lymphocytes that can recognize tumor antigens<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. The process involves extracting the tumor specimen, selecting the tumor-specific TILs and amplifying them in vitro using [[Growth factor\|growth factors]] and finally reintroducing the amplified cells plus growth factors into the patient. While this in vitro procedure is being done, the patient is given chemotherapy to eliminate the immune cells that repress the activity of activated T-cells<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. The adoptive cells can continue to expand using the growth factors after reinfusion, thus the ability to attack cancer cells is maximized<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref> There has been promising results in ACT clinical trials in patients with metastatic melanoma, cervical cancer and some blood cancers etc.<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>.<br>

	*		*<br>

	== Genetically engineered T-cells ==		== Genetically engineered T-cells ==

	~~   ~~ This method involves genetically introducing [[Recombinant DNA Technology\|recombinant]] T-cell receptors (TCRs) that are specific to antigens on tumor cells<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. Synthetic TCR gene sequences are "introduced in vitro into patients' normal T-cells, the recombinant cells are then selected, amplified and reinfused into the patient"<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. Evidence from clinical trials has shown positive results in treating leukemias and lymphomas<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>.		This method involves genetically introducing [[Recombinant DNA Technology\|recombinant]] T-cell receptors (TCRs) that are specific to antigens on tumor cells<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. Synthetic TCR gene sequences are "introduced in vitro into patients' normal T-cells, the recombinant cells are then selected, amplified and reinfused into the patient"<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. Evidence from clinical trials has shown positive results in treating leukemias and lymphomas<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>.

	== References<br> ==		== References<br> ==

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	== Genetically engineered T-cells ==		== Genetically engineered T-cells ==

	This method involves genetically introducing [[~~Recombinant_DNA_Technology~~\|recombinant]] T-cell receptors (TCRs) that are specific to antigens on tumor cells<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. Synthetic TCR gene sequences are "introduced in vitro into patients' normal T-cells, the recombinant cells are then selected, amplified and reinfused into the patient"<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. Evidence from clinical trials has shown positive results in treating leukemias and lymphomas<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>.		This method involves genetically introducing [[Recombinant DNA Technology\|recombinant]] T-cell receptors (TCRs) that are specific to antigens on tumor cells<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. Synthetic TCR gene sequences are "introduced in vitro into patients' normal T-cells, the recombinant cells are then selected, amplified and reinfused into the patient"<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. Evidence from clinical trials has shown positive results in treating leukemias and lymphomas<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>.

	=== References<br> ===		== References<br> ==

	<references />		<references />

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	= Cancer Immunotherapy =		= Cancer Immunotherapy =

	[[Cancer\|Cancer]] immunotherapy involves treatments that harness the intrinsic mechanisms of the patient's own [[Immune system\|immune system]] to trigger a targeted immune response against [[Tumour\|tumor cells]]<ref>What is Immunotherapy. Cancer Research Institute. [cited 08/12/2018]. Available from: https://www.cancerresearch.org/immunotherapy/what-is-immunotherapy</ref>. Having originated from aberrant [[Gene expression\|gene expression and]] [[Mutation\|mutations]], cancer cells display many non-self [[Antigen\|antigens]] from mutant proteins, known as neoantigens, that are specific to the tumor and thus have the potential to be recognized by the immune system<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. However, most often than not, tumor cells evade immune response by repressing the activities of [[T cells\|T-lymphocytes]]<ref>Newman T. How does cancer evade the immune system? New mechanism revealed. Medical News Today. MediLexicon International; 2017 [cited 09/10/2018]. Available from: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320177.php</ref>. Targeted immunotherapy treatments, such as adoptive cell transfer and engineered T-cell methods, exploit the [[Cytotoxic t cells\|cytotoxic T-cells]] to counteract this evasion<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>.		[[Cancer\|Cancer]] immunotherapy involves treatments that harness the intrinsic mechanisms of the patient's own [[Immune system\|immune system]] to trigger a targeted immune response against [[Tumour\|tumor cells]]<ref>What is Immunotherapy. Cancer Research Institute. [cited 08/12/2018]. Available from: https://www.cancerresearch.org/immunotherapy/what-is-immunotherapy</ref>. Having originated from aberrant [[Gene expression\|gene expression and]] [[Mutation\|mutations]], cancer cells display many non-self [[Antigen\|antigens]] from mutant proteins, known as neoantigens, that are specific to the tumor and thus have the potential to be recognized by the immune system<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. However, most often than not, tumor cells evade immune response by repressing the activities of [[T cells\|T-lymphocytes]]<ref>Newman T. How does cancer evade the immune system? New mechanism revealed. Medical News Today. MediLexicon International; 2017 [cited 09/10/2018]. Available from: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320177.php</ref>. Targeted immunotherapy treatments, such as adoptive cell transfer and engineered T-cell methods, exploit the [[Cytotoxic t cells\|cytotoxic T-cells]] to counteract this evasion<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>.

	*		*
	~~== Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) ==~~

			== Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) ==

	ACT involves manipulation of the tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), tumor-associated lymphocytes that can recognize tumor antigens<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. The process involves extracting the tumor specimen, selecting the tumor-specific TILs and amplifying them in vitro using [[Growth factor\|growth factors]] and finally reintroducing the amplified cells plus growth factors into the patient. While this in vitro procedure is being done, the patient is given chemotherapy to eliminate the immune cells that repress the activity of activated T-cells<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. The adoptive cells can continue to expand using the growth factors after reinfusion, thus the ability to attack cancer cells is maximized<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref> There has been promising results in ACT clinical trials in patients with metastatic melanoma, cervical cancer and some blood cancers etc.<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>.<br>		ACT involves manipulation of the tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), tumor-associated lymphocytes that can recognize tumor antigens<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. The process involves extracting the tumor specimen, selecting the tumor-specific TILs and amplifying them in vitro using [[Growth factor\|growth factors]] and finally reintroducing the amplified cells plus growth factors into the patient. While this in vitro procedure is being done, the patient is given chemotherapy to eliminate the immune cells that repress the activity of activated T-cells<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. The adoptive cells can continue to expand using the growth factors after reinfusion, thus the ability to attack cancer cells is maximized<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref> There has been promising results in ACT clinical trials in patients with metastatic melanoma, cervical cancer and some blood cancers etc.<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>.<br>

	*		*
	~~== Genetically engineered T-cells ==~~

			== Genetically engineered T-cells ==

	This method involves genetically introducing recombinant T-cell receptors (TCRs) that are specific to antigens on tumor cells<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. Synthetic TCR gene sequences are "introduced in vitro into patients' normal T-cells, the recombinant cells are then selected, amplified and reinfused into the patient"<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. Evidence from clinical trials has shown positive results in treating leukemias and lymphomas<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>.		This method involves genetically introducing [[Recombinant_DNA_Technology\|recombinant]] T-cell receptors (TCRs) that are specific to antigens on tumor cells<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. Synthetic TCR gene sequences are "introduced in vitro into patients' normal T-cells, the recombinant cells are then selected, amplified and reinfused into the patient"<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. Evidence from clinical trials has shown positive results in treating leukemias and lymphomas<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>.

	=== References<br> ===		=== References<br> ===

	<references />		<references />

	<br>		<br>

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	[[Cancer\|Cancer]] immunotherapy involves treatments that harness the intrinsic mechanisms of the patient's own [[Immune_system\|immune system]] to trigger a targeted immune response against [[Tumour\|tumor cells]]<ref>What is Immunotherapy. Cancer Research Institute. [cited 08/12/2018]. Available from: https://www.cancerresearch.org/immunotherapy/what-is-immunotherapy</ref>. Having originated from aberrant [[Gene_expression\|gene expression ]]and [[Mutation\|mutations]], cancer cells display many non-self [[Antigen\|antigens]] from mutant proteins, known as neoantigens, that are specific to the tumor and thus have the potential to be recognized by the immune system<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. However, most often than not, tumor cells evade immune response by repressing the activities of [[T cells\|T-lymphocytes]]<ref>Newman T. How does cancer evade the immune system? New mechanism revealed. Medical News Today. MediLexicon International; 2017 [cited 09/10/2018]. Available from: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320177.php</ref>. Targeted immunotherapy treatments, such as adoptive cell transfer and engineered T-cell methods, exploit the [[cytotoxic t cells\|cytotoxic T-cells]] to counteract this evasion<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>.		= Cancer Immunotherapy =

	*Adoptive cell transfer ~~(ACT)~~<br>		[[Cancer\|Cancer]] immunotherapy involves treatments that harness the intrinsic mechanisms of the patient's own [[Immune system\|immune system]] to trigger a targeted immune response against [[Tumour\|tumor cells]]<ref>What is Immunotherapy. Cancer Research Institute. [cited 08/12/2018]. Available from: https://www.cancerresearch.org/immunotherapy/what-is-immunotherapy</ref>. Having originated from aberrant [[Gene expression\|gene expression and]] [[Mutation\|mutations]], cancer cells display many non-self [[Antigen\|antigens]] from mutant proteins, known as neoantigens, that are specific to the tumor and thus have the potential to be recognized by the immune system<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. However, most often than not, tumor cells evade immune response by repressing the activities of [[T cells\|T-lymphocytes]]<ref>Newman T. How does cancer evade the immune system? New mechanism revealed. Medical News Today. MediLexicon International; 2017 [cited 09/10/2018]. Available from: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320177.php</ref>. Targeted immunotherapy treatments, such as adoptive cell transfer and engineered T-cell methods, exploit the [[Cytotoxic t cells\|cytotoxic T-cells]] to counteract this evasion<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>.

	~~   ~~ ACT ~~involves manipulation of the tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs~~), tumor-associated lymphocytes that can recognize tumor antigens<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. The process involves extracting the tumor specimen, selecting the tumor-specific TILs and amplifying them in vitro using [[Growth_factor\|growth factors]] and finally reintroducing the amplified cells plus growth factors into the patient. While this in vitro procedure is being done, the patient is given chemotherapy to eliminate the immune cells that repress the activity of activated T-cells<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. The adoptive cells can continue to expand using the growth factors after reinfusion, thus the ability to attack cancer cells is maximized<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref> There has been promising results in ACT clinical trials in patients with metastatic melanoma, cervical cancer and some blood cancers etc.<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>.<br>		*
			== Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) ==

	*Genetically engineered T-cells

	~~This method~~ involves ~~genetically introducing recombinant T~~-~~cell receptors~~ (~~TCRs~~) that ~~are specific to~~ antigens ~~on tumor cells~~<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. ~~Synthetic TCR gene sequences are "introduced~~ in vitro into ~~patients' normal~~ T-cells, the ~~recombinant cells are then selected~~, ~~amplified and reinfused into~~ the ~~patient"~~<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>~~. Evidence from~~ clinical trials ~~has shown positive results~~ in ~~treating leukemias~~ and ~~lymphomas~~<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>.		ACT involves manipulation of the tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), tumor-associated lymphocytes that can recognize tumor antigens<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. The process involves extracting the tumor specimen, selecting the tumor-specific TILs and amplifying them in vitro using [[Growth factor\|growth factors]] and finally reintroducing the amplified cells plus growth factors into the patient. While this in vitro procedure is being done, the patient is given chemotherapy to eliminate the immune cells that repress the activity of activated T-cells<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. The adoptive cells can continue to expand using the growth factors after reinfusion, thus the ability to attack cancer cells is maximized<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref> There has been promising results in ACT clinical trials in patients with metastatic melanoma, cervical cancer and some blood cancers etc.<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>.<br>

	~~<br>~~		*
			== Genetically engineered T-cells ==

	~~          <br>~~

	<br>		This method involves genetically introducing recombinant T-cell receptors (TCRs) that are specific to antigens on tumor cells<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. Synthetic TCR gene sequences are "introduced in vitro into patients' normal T-cells, the recombinant cells are then selected, amplified and reinfused into the patient"<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. Evidence from clinical trials has shown positive results in treating leukemias and lymphomas<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>.

			=== References<br> ===

			<references />

			<br>

			<br>

	<br>		<br>

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[[Cancer|Cancer]] immunotherapy involves treatments that harness the intrinsic mechanisms of the patient's own [[Immune_system|immune system]] to trigger a targeted immune response against [[Tumour|tumor cells]]<ref>What is Immunotherapy. Cancer Research Institute. [cited 08/12/2018]. Available from: https://www.cancerresearch.org/immunotherapy/what-is-immunotherapy</ref>. Having originated from aberrant [[Gene_expression|gene expression ]]and [[Mutation|mutations]], cancer cells display many non-self [[Antigen|antigens]] from mutant proteins, known as neoantigens, that are specific to the tumor and thus have the potential to be recognized by the immune system<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. However, most often than not, tumor cells evade immune response by repressing the activities of [[T cells|T-lymphocytes]]<ref>Newman T. How does cancer evade the immune system? New mechanism revealed. Medical News Today. MediLexicon International; 2017 [cited 09/10/2018]. Available from: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320177.php</ref>. Targeted immunotherapy treatments, such as adoptive cell transfer and engineered T-cell methods, exploit the [[cytotoxic t cells|cytotoxic T-cells]] to counteract this evasion<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>.

*Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) 

    ACT involves manipulation of the tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), tumor-associated lymphocytes that can recognize tumor antigens<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. The process involves extracting the tumor specimen, selecting the tumor-specific TILs and amplifying them in vitro using [[Growth_factor|growth factors]] and finally reintroducing the amplified cells plus growth factors into the patient. While this in vitro procedure is being done, the patient is given chemotherapy to eliminate the immune cells that repress the activity of activated T-cells<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. The adoptive cells can continue to expand using the growth factors after reinfusion, thus the ability to attack cancer cells is maximized<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref> There has been promising results in ACT clinical trials in patients with metastatic melanoma, cervical cancer and some blood cancers etc.<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. 

*Genetically engineered T-cells

    This method involves genetically introducing recombinant T-cell receptors (TCRs) that are specific to antigens on tumor cells<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. Synthetic TCR gene sequences are "introduced in vitro into patients' normal T-cells, the recombinant cells are then selected, amplified and reinfused into the patient"<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>. Evidence from clinical trials has shown positive results in treating leukemias and lymphomas<ref>Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino MA, Killian D. Concepts of genetics. 12th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2018.</ref>.