Cas9 protein - Revision history

170016814 at 02:08, 19 October 2017

2017-10-19T02:08:27Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:08, 19 October 2017
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	Cas9 ([[Crispr\|CRISPR]] associated [[Protein\|protein]] 9) is a family of [[Endonuclease\|endonucleases]] that ~~could cut~~ [[DNA\|DNA]] at specific sites. The Cas9 proteins are shown to only function as a complex with two types of [[RNA\|RNA]]: CRISPR-RNA ([[CrRNA\|crRNA]]) and trans-activating CRISPR-RNA ([[TracrRNA\|tracrRNA]])<ref>Jinek M, Chylinski K, Fonfara I, Hauer M, Doudna JA, Charpentier E. A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity. Science. 2012 Aug 17;337(6096):816-21. doi: 10.1126/science.1225829</ref>. Both RNAs are required to guide the Cas9 proteins to specific cleaving sites on double stranded DNA.<br>		Cas9 ([[Crispr\|CRISPR]] associated [[Protein\|protein]] 9) is a family of [[Endonuclease\|endonucleases]] that cuts [[DNA\|DNA]] at specific sites. The Cas9 proteins are shown to only function as a complex with two types of [[RNA\|RNA]]: CRISPR-RNA ([[CrRNA\|crRNA]]) and trans-activating CRISPR-RNA ([[TracrRNA\|tracrRNA]])<ref>Jinek M, Chylinski K, Fonfara I, Hauer M, Doudna JA, Charpentier E. A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity. Science. 2012 Aug 17;337(6096):816-21. doi: 10.1126/science.1225829</ref>. Both RNAs are required to guide the Cas9 proteins to specific cleaving sites on double stranded DNA.<br>

	In prokaryotes such as [[Streptococcus pyogenes\|''S. pyogenes'']], the CRISPR-Cas9 system works as a defence mechanism to detect and cleave foreign DNAs that may come from [[Plasmid\|plasmids]] or [[Bacteriophage\|bacteriophages]]<ref>Jinek M, Chylinski K, Fonfara I, Hauer M, Doudna JA, Charpentier E. A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity. Science. 2012 Aug 17;337(6096):816-21. doi: 10.1126/science.1225829</ref>. CRISPR-Cas9 can be applied in [[Genetic engineering\|genetic engineering]]. Cas9 is shown to be useful in bacterial gene manipulation<ref>Jiang W, Bikard D, Cox D, Zhang F, Marraffini LA. RNA-guided editing of bacterial genomes using CRISPR-Cas systems. Nat Biotechnol. 2013 Mar;31(3):233-9. doi: 10.1038/nbt.2508</ref>. In human cells, Cas9 can be used to [[Gene knockout\|knockout]] or edit [[Gene\|genes]] with the use of custom guide RNAs (gRNA)<ref>Mali P, Yang L, Esvelt KM, Aach J, Guell M, DiCarlo JE, et al. RNA-guided human genome engineering via Cas9. Science. 2013 Feb 15;339(6121):823-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1232033</ref>. Cas9 proteins can be engineered to have higher levels of specificity when they target desired DNA sequences<ref>Slaymaker IM, Gao L, Zetsche B, Scott DA, Yan WX, Zhang F. Rationally engineered Cas9 nucleases with improved specificity. Science. 2016 Jan 1;351(6268):84-8. doi: 10.1126/science.aad5227</ref>.<br>		In prokaryotes such as [[Streptococcus pyogenes\|''S. pyogenes'']], the CRISPR-Cas9 system works as a defence mechanism to detect and cleave foreign DNAs that may come from [[Plasmid\|plasmids]] or [[Bacteriophage\|bacteriophages]]<ref>Jinek M, Chylinski K, Fonfara I, Hauer M, Doudna JA, Charpentier E. A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity. Science. 2012 Aug 17;337(6096):816-21. doi: 10.1126/science.1225829</ref>. CRISPR-Cas9 can be applied in [[Genetic engineering\|genetic engineering]]. Cas9 is shown to be useful in bacterial gene manipulation<ref>Jiang W, Bikard D, Cox D, Zhang F, Marraffini LA. RNA-guided editing of bacterial genomes using CRISPR-Cas systems. Nat Biotechnol. 2013 Mar;31(3):233-9. doi: 10.1038/nbt.2508</ref>. In human cells, Cas9 can be used to [[Gene knockout\|knockout]] or edit [[Gene\|genes]] with the use of custom guide RNAs (gRNA)<ref>Mali P, Yang L, Esvelt KM, Aach J, Guell M, DiCarlo JE, et al. RNA-guided human genome engineering via Cas9. Science. 2013 Feb 15;339(6121):823-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1232033</ref>. Cas9 proteins can be engineered to have higher levels of specificity when they target desired DNA sequences<ref>Slaymaker IM, Gao L, Zetsche B, Scott DA, Yan WX, Zhang F. Rationally engineered Cas9 nucleases with improved specificity. Science. 2016 Jan 1;351(6268):84-8. doi: 10.1126/science.aad5227</ref>.<br>

170016814 at 02:03, 17 October 2017

2017-10-17T02:03:35Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:03, 17 October 2017
Line 1:		Line 1:
	Cas9 ([[Crispr\|CRISPR]] associated [[Protein\|protein]] 9) is a family of [[Endonuclease\|endonucleases]] that could cut [[DNA\|DNA]] at specific sites. The Cas9 proteins are shown to only function as a complex with two types of [[RNA\|RNA]]: CRISPR-RNA ([[CrRNA\|crRNA]]) and trans-activating CRISPR-RNA ([[TracrRNA\|tracrRNA]])<ref>Jinek M, Chylinski K, Fonfara I, Hauer M, Doudna JA, Charpentier E. A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity. Science. 2012 Aug 17;337(6096):816-21. doi: 10.1126/science.1225829</ref>. Both RNAs are required to guide the Cas9 proteins to specific cleaving sites on double stranded DNA.<br>		Cas9 ([[Crispr\|CRISPR]] associated [[Protein\|protein]] 9) is a family of [[Endonuclease\|endonucleases]] that could cut [[DNA\|DNA]] at specific sites. The Cas9 proteins are shown to only function as a complex with two types of [[RNA\|RNA]]: CRISPR-RNA ([[CrRNA\|crRNA]]) and trans-activating CRISPR-RNA ([[TracrRNA\|tracrRNA]])<ref>Jinek M, Chylinski K, Fonfara I, Hauer M, Doudna JA, Charpentier E. A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity. Science. 2012 Aug 17;337(6096):816-21. doi: 10.1126/science.1225829</ref>. Both RNAs are required to guide the Cas9 proteins to specific cleaving sites on double stranded DNA.<br>

	In prokaryotes such as [[Streptococcus pyogenes\|S. pyogenes]], the CRISPR-Cas9 system works as a defence mechanism to detect and cleave foreign DNAs that may come from [[Plasmid\|plasmids]] or [[Bacteriophage\|bacteriophages]]<ref>Jinek M, Chylinski K, Fonfara I, Hauer M, Doudna JA, Charpentier E. A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity. Science. 2012 Aug 17;337(6096):816-21. doi: 10.1126/science.1225829</ref>. CRISPR-Cas9 can be applied in [[Genetic engineering\|genetic engineering]]. Cas9 is shown to be useful in bacterial gene manipulation<ref>Jiang W, Bikard D, Cox D, Zhang F, Marraffini LA. RNA-guided editing of bacterial genomes using CRISPR-Cas systems. Nat Biotechnol. 2013 Mar;31(3):233-9. doi: 10.1038/nbt.2508</ref>. In human cells, Cas9 can be used to [[Gene knockout\|knockout]] or edit [[Gene\|genes]] with the use of custom guide RNAs (gRNA)<ref>Mali P, Yang L, Esvelt KM, Aach J, Guell M, DiCarlo JE, et al. RNA-guided human genome engineering via Cas9. Science. 2013 Feb 15;339(6121):823-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1232033</ref>. Cas9 proteins can be engineered to have higher levels of specificity when they target desired DNA sequences<ref>Slaymaker IM, Gao L, Zetsche B, Scott DA, Yan WX, Zhang F. Rationally engineered Cas9 nucleases with improved specificity. Science. 2016 Jan 1;351(6268):84-8. doi: 10.1126/science.aad5227</ref>.<br>		In prokaryotes such as [[Streptococcus pyogenes\|''S. pyogenes'']], the CRISPR-Cas9 system works as a defence mechanism to detect and cleave foreign DNAs that may come from [[Plasmid\|plasmids]] or [[Bacteriophage\|bacteriophages]]<ref>Jinek M, Chylinski K, Fonfara I, Hauer M, Doudna JA, Charpentier E. A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity. Science. 2012 Aug 17;337(6096):816-21. doi: 10.1126/science.1225829</ref>. CRISPR-Cas9 can be applied in [[Genetic engineering\|genetic engineering]]. Cas9 is shown to be useful in bacterial gene manipulation<ref>Jiang W, Bikard D, Cox D, Zhang F, Marraffini LA. RNA-guided editing of bacterial genomes using CRISPR-Cas systems. Nat Biotechnol. 2013 Mar;31(3):233-9. doi: 10.1038/nbt.2508</ref>. In human cells, Cas9 can be used to [[Gene knockout\|knockout]] or edit [[Gene\|genes]] with the use of custom guide RNAs (gRNA)<ref>Mali P, Yang L, Esvelt KM, Aach J, Guell M, DiCarlo JE, et al. RNA-guided human genome engineering via Cas9. Science. 2013 Feb 15;339(6121):823-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1232033</ref>. Cas9 proteins can be engineered to have higher levels of specificity when they target desired DNA sequences<ref>Slaymaker IM, Gao L, Zetsche B, Scott DA, Yan WX, Zhang F. Rationally engineered Cas9 nucleases with improved specificity. Science. 2016 Jan 1;351(6268):84-8. doi: 10.1126/science.aad5227</ref>.<br>

	=== References ===		=== References ===

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Nnjm2: Minor cleanup.

2016-12-04T15:12:53Z

Minor cleanup.

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:12, 4 December 2016
Line 1:		Line 1:
	Cas9 ([[Crispr\|CRISPR]] associated [[Protein\|protein]] 9) is a family of [[Endonuclease\|endonucleases]] that could cut [[DNA\|DNA]] at specific sites. The Cas9 proteins are shown to only function as a complex with two types of [[RNA\|RNA]]: CRISPR-RNA ([[CrRNA\|crRNA]]) and trans-activating CRISPR-RNA ([[TracrRNA\|tracrRNA]]).<ref>Jinek M, Chylinski K, Fonfara I, Hauer M, Doudna JA, Charpentier E. A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity. Science. 2012 Aug 17;337(6096):816-21. doi: 10.1126/science.1225829</ref> Both RNAs are required to guide the Cas9 proteins to specific cleaving sites on double stranded DNA.<br>		Cas9 ([[Crispr\|CRISPR]] associated [[Protein\|protein]] 9) is a family of [[Endonuclease\|endonucleases]] that could cut [[DNA\|DNA]] at specific sites. The Cas9 proteins are shown to only function as a complex with two types of [[RNA\|RNA]]: CRISPR-RNA ([[CrRNA\|crRNA]]) and trans-activating CRISPR-RNA ([[TracrRNA\|tracrRNA]])<ref>Jinek M, Chylinski K, Fonfara I, Hauer M, Doudna JA, Charpentier E. A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity. Science. 2012 Aug 17;337(6096):816-21. doi: 10.1126/science.1225829</ref>. Both RNAs are required to guide the Cas9 proteins to specific cleaving sites on double stranded DNA.<br>

	In prokaryotes such as [[Streptococcus pyogenes\|S. pyogenes]], the CRISPR-Cas9 system works as a defence mechanism to detect and cleave foreign DNAs that may come from [[Plasmid\|plasmids]] or [[Bacteriophage\|bacteriophages]].<ref>Jinek M, Chylinski K, Fonfara I, Hauer M, Doudna JA, Charpentier E. A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity. Science. 2012 Aug 17;337(6096):816-21. doi: 10.1126/science.1225829</ref> CRISPR-Cas9 can be applied in [[Genetic engineering\|genetic engineering]]. Cas9 is shown to be useful in bacterial gene manipulation.<ref>Jiang W, Bikard D, Cox D, Zhang F, Marraffini LA. RNA-guided editing of bacterial genomes using CRISPR-Cas systems. Nat Biotechnol. 2013 Mar;31(3):233-9. doi: 10.1038/nbt.2508</ref> In human cells, Cas9 can be used to [[Gene knockout\|knockout]] or edit [[Gene\|genes]] with the use of custom guide RNAs (gRNA).<ref>Mali P, Yang L, Esvelt KM, Aach J, Guell M, DiCarlo JE, et al. RNA-guided human genome engineering via Cas9. Science. 2013 Feb 15;339(6121):823-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1232033</ref> Cas9 proteins can be engineered to have higher levels of specificity when they target desired DNA sequences.<ref>Slaymaker IM, Gao L, Zetsche B, Scott DA, Yan WX, Zhang F. Rationally engineered Cas9 nucleases with improved specificity. Science. 2016 Jan 1;351(6268):84-8. doi: 10.1126/science.aad5227</ref>~~<br>~~		In prokaryotes such as [[Streptococcus pyogenes\|S. pyogenes]], the CRISPR-Cas9 system works as a defence mechanism to detect and cleave foreign DNAs that may come from [[Plasmid\|plasmids]] or [[Bacteriophage\|bacteriophages]]<ref>Jinek M, Chylinski K, Fonfara I, Hauer M, Doudna JA, Charpentier E. A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity. Science. 2012 Aug 17;337(6096):816-21. doi: 10.1126/science.1225829</ref>. CRISPR-Cas9 can be applied in [[Genetic engineering\|genetic engineering]]. Cas9 is shown to be useful in bacterial gene manipulation<ref>Jiang W, Bikard D, Cox D, Zhang F, Marraffini LA. RNA-guided editing of bacterial genomes using CRISPR-Cas systems. Nat Biotechnol. 2013 Mar;31(3):233-9. doi: 10.1038/nbt.2508</ref>. In human cells, Cas9 can be used to [[Gene knockout\|knockout]] or edit [[Gene\|genes]] with the use of custom guide RNAs (gRNA)<ref>Mali P, Yang L, Esvelt KM, Aach J, Guell M, DiCarlo JE, et al. RNA-guided human genome engineering via Cas9. Science. 2013 Feb 15;339(6121):823-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1232033</ref>. Cas9 proteins can be engineered to have higher levels of specificity when they target desired DNA sequences<ref>Slaymaker IM, Gao L, Zetsche B, Scott DA, Yan WX, Zhang F. Rationally engineered Cas9 nucleases with improved specificity. Science. 2016 Jan 1;351(6268):84-8. doi: 10.1126/science.aad5227</ref>.<br>

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	=== References ===		=== References ===

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170016814 at 10:47, 4 December 2016

2016-12-04T10:47:50Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:47, 4 December 2016
Line 1:		Line 1:
	Cas9 ([[Crispr\|CRISPR]] associated [[Protein\|protein]] 9) is a family of [[Endonuclease\|endonucleases]] that could cut [[DNA\|DNA]] at specific sites. The Cas9 proteins are shown to only function as a complex with two types of [[RNA\|RNA]]: CRISPR-RNA ([[CrRNA\|crRNA]]) and trans-activating CRISPR-RNA ([[TracrRNA\|tracrRNA]]).<ref>Jinek M, Chylinski K, Fonfara I, Hauer M, Doudna JA, Charpentier E. A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity. Science. 2012 Aug 17;337(6096):816-21. doi: 10.1126/science.1225829</ref> Both RNAs are required to guide the Cas9 proteins to specific cleaving sites on double stranded DNA.<br>		Cas9 ([[Crispr\|CRISPR]] associated [[Protein\|protein]] 9) is a family of [[Endonuclease\|endonucleases]] that could cut [[DNA\|DNA]] at specific sites. The Cas9 proteins are shown to only function as a complex with two types of [[RNA\|RNA]]: CRISPR-RNA ([[CrRNA\|crRNA]]) and trans-activating CRISPR-RNA ([[TracrRNA\|tracrRNA]]).<ref>Jinek M, Chylinski K, Fonfara I, Hauer M, Doudna JA, Charpentier E. A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity. Science. 2012 Aug 17;337(6096):816-21. doi: 10.1126/science.1225829</ref> Both RNAs are required to guide the Cas9 proteins to specific cleaving sites on double stranded DNA.<br>

	In prokaryotes such as [[Streptococcus pyogenes\|S. pyogenes]], the CRISPR-Cas9 system works as a defence mechanism to detect and cleave foreign DNAs that may come from [[Plasmid\|plasmids]] or [[Bacteriophage\|bacteriophages]].<ref>Jinek M, Chylinski K, Fonfara I, Hauer M, Doudna JA, Charpentier E. A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity. Science. 2012 Aug 17;337(6096):816-21. doi: 10.1126/science.1225829</ref> CRISPR-Cas9 can be applied in [[Genetic engineering\|genetic engineering]]. Cas9 is shown to be useful in bacterial gene manipulation.<ref>Jiang W, Bikard D, Cox D, Zhang F, Marraffini LA. RNA-guided editing of bacterial genomes using CRISPR-Cas systems. Nat Biotechnol. 2013 Mar;31(3):233-9. doi: 10.1038/nbt.2508</ref> In human cells, Cas9 can be used to [[Gene knockout\|knockout]] or edit [[Gene\|genes]] with the use of custom guide RNAs (gRNA).<ref>Mali P1, Yang L, Esvelt KM, Aach J, Guell M, DiCarlo JE, et al. RNA-guided human genome engineering via Cas9. Science. 2013 Feb 15;339(6121):823-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1232033</ref> Cas9 proteins can be engineered to have higher levels of specificity when they target desired DNA sequences.<ref>Slaymaker IM, Gao L, Zetsche B, Scott DA, Yan WX, Zhang F. Rationally engineered Cas9 nucleases with improved specificity. Science. 2016 Jan 1;351(6268):84-8. doi: 10.1126/science.aad5227</ref><br>		In prokaryotes such as [[Streptococcus pyogenes\|S. pyogenes]], the CRISPR-Cas9 system works as a defence mechanism to detect and cleave foreign DNAs that may come from [[Plasmid\|plasmids]] or [[Bacteriophage\|bacteriophages]].<ref>Jinek M, Chylinski K, Fonfara I, Hauer M, Doudna JA, Charpentier E. A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity. Science. 2012 Aug 17;337(6096):816-21. doi: 10.1126/science.1225829</ref> CRISPR-Cas9 can be applied in [[Genetic engineering\|genetic engineering]]. Cas9 is shown to be useful in bacterial gene manipulation.<ref>Jiang W, Bikard D, Cox D, Zhang F, Marraffini LA. RNA-guided editing of bacterial genomes using CRISPR-Cas systems. Nat Biotechnol. 2013 Mar;31(3):233-9. doi: 10.1038/nbt.2508</ref> In human cells, Cas9 can be used to [[Gene knockout\|knockout]] or edit [[Gene\|genes]] with the use of custom guide RNAs (gRNA).<ref>Mali P, Yang L, Esvelt KM, Aach J, Guell M, DiCarlo JE, et al. RNA-guided human genome engineering via Cas9. Science. 2013 Feb 15;339(6121):823-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1232033</ref> Cas9 proteins can be engineered to have higher levels of specificity when they target desired DNA sequences.<ref>Slaymaker IM, Gao L, Zetsche B, Scott DA, Yan WX, Zhang F. Rationally engineered Cas9 nucleases with improved specificity. Science. 2016 Jan 1;351(6268):84-8. doi: 10.1126/science.aad5227</ref><br>

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170016814 at 10:44, 4 December 2016

2016-12-04T10:44:43Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:44, 4 December 2016
Line 1:		Line 1:
	Cas9 ([[Crispr\|CRISPR]] associated [[~~protein~~\|protein]] 9) is a family of [[Endonuclease\|endonucleases]] that could cut [[DNA\|DNA]] at specific sites. The Cas9 proteins are shown to only function as a complex with two types of [[RNA\|RNA]]: CRISPR-RNA ([[~~crRNA~~\|crRNA]]) and trans-activating CRISPR-RNA ([[~~tracrRNA~~\|tracrRNA]]).<ref>Jinek M, Chylinski K, Fonfara I, Hauer M, Doudna JA, Charpentier E. A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity. Science. 2012 Aug 17;337(6096):816-21. doi: 10.1126/science.1225829</ref> Both RNAs are required to guide the Cas9 proteins to specific cleaving sites on double stranded DNA.<br>		Cas9 ([[Crispr\|CRISPR]] associated [[Protein\|protein]] 9) is a family of [[Endonuclease\|endonucleases]] that could cut [[DNA\|DNA]] at specific sites. The Cas9 proteins are shown to only function as a complex with two types of [[RNA\|RNA]]: CRISPR-RNA ([[CrRNA\|crRNA]]) and trans-activating CRISPR-RNA ([[TracrRNA\|tracrRNA]]).<ref>Jinek M, Chylinski K, Fonfara I, Hauer M, Doudna JA, Charpentier E. A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity. Science. 2012 Aug 17;337(6096):816-21. doi: 10.1126/science.1225829</ref> Both RNAs are required to guide the Cas9 proteins to specific cleaving sites on double stranded DNA.<br>

	In prokaryotes such as [[~~Streptococcus_pyogenes~~\|S. pyogenes]], the CRISPR/Cas9 system works as a defence mechanism to detect and cleave foreign DNAs that may come from [[Plasmid\|plasmids]] or [[Bacteriophage\|bacteriophages]].<ref>Jinek M, Chylinski K, Fonfara I, Hauer M, Doudna JA, Charpentier E. A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity. Science. 2012 Aug 17;337(6096):816-21. doi: 10.1126/science.1225829</ref> CRISPR/Cas9 can be applied in [[~~genetic~~ engineering\|genetic engineering]]. Cas9 is shown to be useful in bacterial gene manipulation.<ref>Jiang W, Bikard D, Cox D, Zhang F, Marraffini LA. RNA-guided editing of bacterial genomes using CRISPR-Cas systems. Nat Biotechnol. 2013 Mar;31(3):233-9. doi: 10.1038/nbt.2508</ref> In human cells, Cas9 can be used to [[~~gene~~ knockout\|knockout]] or edit [[Gene\|genes]] with the use of custom guide RNAs (gRNA).<ref>Mali P1, Yang L, Esvelt KM, Aach J, Guell M, DiCarlo JE, et al. RNA-guided human genome engineering via Cas9. Science. 2013 Feb 15;339(6121):823-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1232033</ref> Cas9 proteins can be engineered to have higher levels of specificity when they target desired DNA sequences.<ref>Slaymaker IM, Gao L, Zetsche B, Scott DA, Yan WX, Zhang F. Rationally engineered Cas9 nucleases with improved specificity. Science. 2016 Jan 1;351(6268):84-8. doi: 10.1126/science.aad5227</ref><br>		In prokaryotes such as [[Streptococcus pyogenes\|S. pyogenes]], the CRISPR-Cas9 system works as a defence mechanism to detect and cleave foreign DNAs that may come from [[Plasmid\|plasmids]] or [[Bacteriophage\|bacteriophages]].<ref>Jinek M, Chylinski K, Fonfara I, Hauer M, Doudna JA, Charpentier E. A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity. Science. 2012 Aug 17;337(6096):816-21. doi: 10.1126/science.1225829</ref> CRISPR-Cas9 can be applied in [[Genetic engineering\|genetic engineering]]. Cas9 is shown to be useful in bacterial gene manipulation.<ref>Jiang W, Bikard D, Cox D, Zhang F, Marraffini LA. RNA-guided editing of bacterial genomes using CRISPR-Cas systems. Nat Biotechnol. 2013 Mar;31(3):233-9. doi: 10.1038/nbt.2508</ref> In human cells, Cas9 can be used to [[Gene knockout\|knockout]] or edit [[Gene\|genes]] with the use of custom guide RNAs (gRNA).<ref>Mali P1, Yang L, Esvelt KM, Aach J, Guell M, DiCarlo JE, et al. RNA-guided human genome engineering via Cas9. Science. 2013 Feb 15;339(6121):823-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1232033</ref> Cas9 proteins can be engineered to have higher levels of specificity when they target desired DNA sequences.<ref>Slaymaker IM, Gao L, Zetsche B, Scott DA, Yan WX, Zhang F. Rationally engineered Cas9 nucleases with improved specificity. Science. 2016 Jan 1;351(6268):84-8. doi: 10.1126/science.aad5227</ref><br>

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			=== References ===
	=== References ===

	<references />		<references />

170016814: Created page with "Cas9 (CRISPR associated protein 9) is a family of endonucleases that could cut DNA at specific sites. The Cas9 proteins are shown ..."

2016-12-04T10:43:32Z

Created page with "Cas9 (CRISPR associated protein 9) is a family of endonucleases that could cut DNA at specific sites. The Cas9 proteins are shown ..."

New page

Cas9 ([[Crispr|CRISPR]] associated [[protein|protein]] 9) is a family of [[Endonuclease|endonucleases]] that could cut [[DNA|DNA]] at specific sites. The Cas9 proteins are shown to only function as a complex with two types of [[RNA|RNA]]: CRISPR-RNA ([[crRNA|crRNA]]) and trans-activating CRISPR-RNA ([[tracrRNA|tracrRNA]]).<ref>Jinek M, Chylinski K, Fonfara I, Hauer M, Doudna JA, Charpentier E. A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity. Science. 2012 Aug 17;337(6096):816-21. doi: 10.1126/science.1225829</ref> Both RNAs are required to guide the Cas9 proteins to specific cleaving sites on double stranded DNA.<br>

In prokaryotes such as [[Streptococcus_pyogenes|S. pyogenes]], the CRISPR/Cas9 system works as a defence mechanism to detect and cleave foreign DNAs that may come from [[Plasmid|plasmids]] or [[Bacteriophage|bacteriophages]].<ref>Jinek M, Chylinski K, Fonfara I, Hauer M, Doudna JA, Charpentier E. A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity. Science. 2012 Aug 17;337(6096):816-21. doi: 10.1126/science.1225829</ref> CRISPR/Cas9 can be applied in [[genetic engineering|genetic engineering]]. Cas9 is shown to be useful in bacterial gene manipulation.<ref>Jiang W, Bikard D, Cox D, Zhang F, Marraffini LA. RNA-guided editing of bacterial genomes using CRISPR-Cas systems. Nat Biotechnol. 2013 Mar;31(3):233-9. doi: 10.1038/nbt.2508</ref> In human cells, Cas9 can be used to [[gene knockout|knockout]] or edit [[Gene|genes]] with the use of custom guide RNAs (gRNA).<ref>Mali P1, Yang L, Esvelt KM, Aach J, Guell M, DiCarlo JE, et al. RNA-guided human genome engineering via Cas9. Science. 2013 Feb 15;339(6121):823-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1232033</ref> Cas9 proteins can be engineered to have higher levels of specificity when they target desired DNA sequences.<ref>Slaymaker IM, Gao L, Zetsche B, Scott DA, Yan WX, Zhang F. Rationally engineered Cas9 nucleases with improved specificity. Science. 2016 Jan 1;351(6268):84-8. doi: 10.1126/science.aad5227</ref><br>

=== References ===

<references />