Evolutionary history of humans - Revision history

Nnjm2 at 03:16, 27 November 2013

2013-11-27T03:16:50Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:16, 27 November 2013
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	=== '''2) The Africa replacement model''' ===		=== '''2) The Africa replacement model''' ===

	The Out of Africa hypothesis posits that modern humans originated in Africa, members of this species moving into the rest of the old world displacing the descendants of ~~Homo~~ erectus that they encountered.<ref>Daniel L. Hartl, Maryellen Ruvolo: 2012: Genetics - analysis of genes and genomes: 8th ed: USA: Hartl, Daniel L.</ref>		The Out of Africa hypothesis posits that modern humans originated in Africa, members of this species moving into the rest of the old world displacing the descendants of ''H. erectus'' that they encountered.<ref>Daniel L. Hartl, Maryellen Ruvolo: 2012: Genetics - analysis of genes and genomes: 8th ed: USA: Hartl, Daniel L.</ref>

	[[Image:Multiregional and out of africa model .jpg]]		[[Image:Multiregional and out of africa model .jpg]]

	<ref>https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=the+multiregional+model&amp;amp;amp;rlz=1C1ASUT_en-GBGB447GB447&amp;amp;amp;espv=210&amp;amp;amp;es_sm=93&amp;amp;amp;source=lnms&amp;amp;amp;tbm=isch&amp;amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;amp;ei=WYaCUvyXBdKQ7AaM8oDYCw&amp;amp;amp;ved=0CAkQ_AUoAQ&amp;amp;amp;biw=1366&amp;amp;amp;bih=667#es_sm=93&amp;amp;amp;espv=210&amp;amp;amp;q=multiregional+model&amp;amp;amp;tbm=isch&amp;amp;amp;facrc=_&amp;amp;amp;imgdii=_&amp;amp;amp;imgrc=zw9NKzsxgWM5dM%3A%3BA23_uAI4kEhvpM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fen.citizendium.org%252Fimages%252F7%252F7f%252FMultireg.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fen.citizendium.org%252Fwiki%252Fneanderthal%3B360%3B272</ref>		<ref>https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=the+multiregional+model&amp;amp;amp;amp;rlz=1C1ASUT_en-GBGB447GB447&amp;amp;amp;amp;espv=210&amp;amp;amp;amp;es_sm=93&amp;amp;amp;amp;source=lnms&amp;amp;amp;amp;tbm=isch&amp;amp;amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;amp;amp;ei=WYaCUvyXBdKQ7AaM8oDYCw&amp;amp;amp;amp;ved=0CAkQ_AUoAQ&amp;amp;amp;amp;biw=1366&amp;amp;amp;amp;bih=667#es_sm=93&amp;amp;amp;amp;espv=210&amp;amp;amp;amp;q=multiregional+model&amp;amp;amp;amp;tbm=isch&amp;amp;amp;amp;facrc=_&amp;amp;amp;amp;imgdii=_&amp;amp;amp;amp;imgrc=zw9NKzsxgWM5dM%3A%3BA23_uAI4kEhvpM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fen.citizendium.org%252Fimages%252F7%252F7f%252FMultireg.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fen.citizendium.org%252Fwiki%252Fneanderthal%3B360%3B272</ref>

	=== '''3) The Hybridiz'''ation model ===		=== '''3) The Hybridiz'''ation model ===
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	=== '''Neanderthals''' ===		=== '''Neanderthals''' ===

	Neanderthals are descendants of the original ~~Homo~~ erectus populations who left Africa about 1 million years ago.<br>		Neanderthals are descendants of the original ''H. erectus'' populations who left Africa about 1 million years ago.<br>

	=== '''Did Neanderthals and modern humans interbreed?''' ===		=== '''Did Neanderthals and modern humans interbreed?''' ===

Nnjm2 at 03:15, 27 November 2013

2013-11-27T03:15:17Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:15, 27 November 2013
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	=== '''The evolutionary history of humans:''' ===		=== '''The evolutionary history of humans:''' ===

	~~----~~		The evolutionary history of humans is the history of life on earth and how it has evolved since life first originated until the present day.

	The evolutionary history of humans is the history of life on earth and how it has evolved since life first originated until the present day.<ref>https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=define+evolutionary+history+of+humans&amp;amp;amp;rlz=1C1ASUT_en-GBGB447GB447&amp;amp;amp;oq=define+evolutionary+histor&amp;amp;amp;aqs=chrome.0.69i59l2j69i57j0l3.3746j0j7&amp;amp;amp;sourceid=chrome&amp;amp;amp;espv=210&amp;amp;amp;es_sm=93&amp;amp;amp;ie=UTF-8#es_sm=93&amp;amp;amp;espv=210&amp;amp;amp;q=define+evolutionary+history</ref>		There are three main models that have been proposed to explain how [[Homo sapiens\|''Homo sapiens'']] aros<span style="line-height: 1.5em;">e. All of the models incorporate the fact that ''[[Homo erectus\|Homo erectus]]'' was the first hominin to leave Africa and inhabit Eurasia </span><ref>Daniel L. Hartl, Maryellen Ruvolo: 2012: Genetics - analysis of genes and genomes: 8th ed: USA: Hartl, Daniel L.</ref>.

	There are three main models that have been proposed to explain how [[Homo sapiens\|''H. sapiens'']] aros<span style="line-height: 1.5em;">e. All of the models incorporate the fact that ''H. erectus'' was the first hominin to leave Africa and inhabit Eurasia </span><ref>Daniel L. Hartl, Maryellen Ruvolo: 2012: Genetics - analysis of genes and genomes: 8th ed: USA: Hartl, Daniel L.</ref>.

	=== '''1) The Multiregional model''' ===		=== '''1) The Multiregional model''' ===

	~~----~~		The Multiregional Model posits that modern human ([[Homo sapiens\|''H. sapiens'']]) populations arose independently from isolated populations of ''[[Homo erectus\|H. erectus]]''.<ref>Daniel L. Hartl, Maryellen Ruvolo: 2012: Genetics - analysis of genes and genomes: 8th ed: USA: Hartl, Daniel L.</ref>

	The Multiregional Model posits that modern human ([[Homo sapiens\|''~~Homo~~ sapiens'']]) populations arose independently from isolated populations of Homo erectus.<ref>Daniel L. Hartl, Maryellen Ruvolo: 2012: Genetics - analysis of genes and genomes: 8th ed: USA: Hartl, Daniel L.</ref>

	=== '''2) The Africa replacement model''' ===		=== '''2) The Africa replacement model''' ===

	~~----~~

	The Out of Africa hypothesis posits that modern humans originated in Africa, members of this species moving into the rest of the old world displacing the descendants of Homo erectus that they encountered.<ref>Daniel L. Hartl, Maryellen Ruvolo: 2012: Genetics - analysis of genes and genomes: 8th ed: USA: Hartl, Daniel L.</ref>		The Out of Africa hypothesis posits that modern humans originated in Africa, members of this species moving into the rest of the old world displacing the descendants of Homo erectus that they encountered.<ref>Daniel L. Hartl, Maryellen Ruvolo: 2012: Genetics - analysis of genes and genomes: 8th ed: USA: Hartl, Daniel L.</ref>
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	[[Image:Multiregional and out of africa model .jpg]]		[[Image:Multiregional and out of africa model .jpg]]

	<ref>https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=the+multiregional+model&rlz=1C1ASUT_en-GBGB447GB447&espv=210&es_sm=93&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=WYaCUvyXBdKQ7AaM8oDYCw&ved=0CAkQ_AUoAQ&biw=1366&bih=667#es_sm=93&espv=210&q=multiregional+model&tbm=isch&facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=zw9NKzsxgWM5dM%3A%3BA23_uAI4kEhvpM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fen.citizendium.org%252Fimages%252F7%252F7f%252FMultireg.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fen.citizendium.org%252Fwiki%252Fneanderthal%3B360%3B272</ref>		<ref>https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=the+multiregional+model&amp;amp;amp;rlz=1C1ASUT_en-GBGB447GB447&amp;amp;amp;espv=210&amp;amp;amp;es_sm=93&amp;amp;amp;source=lnms&amp;amp;amp;tbm=isch&amp;amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;amp;ei=WYaCUvyXBdKQ7AaM8oDYCw&amp;amp;amp;ved=0CAkQ_AUoAQ&amp;amp;amp;biw=1366&amp;amp;amp;bih=667#es_sm=93&amp;amp;amp;espv=210&amp;amp;amp;q=multiregional+model&amp;amp;amp;tbm=isch&amp;amp;amp;facrc=_&amp;amp;amp;imgdii=_&amp;amp;amp;imgrc=zw9NKzsxgWM5dM%3A%3BA23_uAI4kEhvpM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fen.citizendium.org%252Fimages%252F7%252F7f%252FMultireg.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fen.citizendium.org%252Fwiki%252Fneanderthal%3B360%3B272</ref>

	=== '''3) The Hybridiz'''ation model ===		=== '''3) The Hybridiz'''ation model ===

	~~----~~

	The Hybridization model proposes that [[Homo sapiens\|''H. sapiens'']] evolved only once in Africa and, after dispersal out of Africa, hybridization took place between modern human and Archaic humans as their populations made contact <ref>Daniel L. Hartl, Maryellen Ruvolo: 2012: Genetics - analysis of genes and genomes: 8th ed: USA: Hartl, Daniel L.</ref>.		The Hybridization model proposes that [[Homo sapiens\|''H. sapiens'']] evolved only once in Africa and, after dispersal out of Africa, hybridization took place between modern human and Archaic humans as their populations made contact <ref>Daniel L. Hartl, Maryellen Ruvolo: 2012: Genetics - analysis of genes and genomes: 8th ed: USA: Hartl, Daniel L.</ref>.

	=== '''How can we test these models?''' ===		=== '''How can we test these models?''' ===

	~~----~~

	We can compare the sequences of modern humans in different populations. Once the sequences are isolated, communities of small effective population size will rapidly accumulate differences by drift. These differences allow us to map relationships between populations and patterns of gene flow (interbreeding).		We can compare the sequences of modern humans in different populations. Once the sequences are isolated, communities of small effective population size will rapidly accumulate differences by drift. These differences allow us to map relationships between populations and patterns of gene flow (interbreeding).

	=== '''Neanderthals''' ===		=== '''Neanderthals''' ===

	~~----~~

	Neanderthals are descendants of the original Homo erectus populations who left Africa about 1 million years ago.<br>		Neanderthals are descendants of the original Homo erectus populations who left Africa about 1 million years ago.<br>

	=== '''Did Neanderthals and modern humans interbreed?''' ===		=== '''Did Neanderthals and modern humans interbreed?''' ===

	~~----~~

	Neanderthals lived in Europe between 300,000 and 30,000 years ago. The out of Africa hypothesis posits that modern humans displaced them when they reached Europe about 50,000 years ago, without any interbreeding. The last Neanderthal died out about 30,000 years ago.		Neanderthals lived in Europe between 300,000 and 30,000 years ago. The out of Africa hypothesis posits that modern humans displaced them when they reached Europe about 50,000 years ago, without any interbreeding. The last Neanderthal died out about 30,000 years ago.
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	=== References ===		=== References ===

	~~----~~

	<references />		<references />

130052180 at 18:16, 26 November 2013

2013-11-26T18:16:14Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:16, 26 November 2013
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	=== '''The evolutionary history of humans:''' ===		=== '''The evolutionary history of humans:''' ===

	The evolutionary history of humans is the history of life on earth and how it has evolved since life first originated until the present day.		----

			The evolutionary history of humans is the history of life on earth and how it has evolved since life first originated until the present day.<ref>https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=define+evolutionary+history+of+humans&amp;amp;amp;rlz=1C1ASUT_en-GBGB447GB447&amp;amp;amp;oq=define+evolutionary+histor&amp;amp;amp;aqs=chrome.0.69i59l2j69i57j0l3.3746j0j7&amp;amp;amp;sourceid=chrome&amp;amp;amp;espv=210&amp;amp;amp;es_sm=93&amp;amp;amp;ie=UTF-8#es_sm=93&amp;amp;amp;espv=210&amp;amp;amp;q=define+evolutionary+history</ref>

	There are three main models that have been proposed to explain how [[Homo sapiens\|''H. sapiens'']] aros<span style="line-height: 1.5em;">e. All of the models incorporate the fact that ''H. erectus'' was the first hominin to leave Africa and inhabit Eurasia </span><ref>Daniel L. Hartl, Maryellen Ruvolo: 2012: Genetics - analysis of genes and genomes: 8th ed: USA: Hartl, Daniel L.</ref>.		There are three main models that have been proposed to explain how [[Homo sapiens\|''H. sapiens'']] aros<span style="line-height: 1.5em;">e. All of the models incorporate the fact that ''H. erectus'' was the first hominin to leave Africa and inhabit Eurasia </span><ref>Daniel L. Hartl, Maryellen Ruvolo: 2012: Genetics - analysis of genes and genomes: 8th ed: USA: Hartl, Daniel L.</ref>.

	=== '''1) The Multiregional model''' ===		=== '''1) The Multiregional model''' ===

			----

	The Multiregional Model posits that modern human ([[Homo sapiens\|''Homo sapiens'']]) populations arose independently from isolated populations of Homo erectus.<ref>Daniel L. Hartl, Maryellen Ruvolo: 2012: Genetics - analysis of genes and genomes: 8th ed: USA: Hartl, Daniel L.</ref>		The Multiregional Model posits that modern human ([[Homo sapiens\|''Homo sapiens'']]) populations arose independently from isolated populations of Homo erectus.<ref>Daniel L. Hartl, Maryellen Ruvolo: 2012: Genetics - analysis of genes and genomes: 8th ed: USA: Hartl, Daniel L.</ref>

	=== '''2) The Africa replacement model''' ===		=== '''2) The Africa replacement model''' ===

			----

	The Out of Africa hypothesis posits that modern humans originated in Africa, members of this species moving into the rest of the old world displacing the descendants of Homo erectus that they encountered.<ref>Daniel L. Hartl, Maryellen Ruvolo: 2012: Genetics - analysis of genes and genomes: 8th ed: USA: Hartl, Daniel L.</ref>		The Out of Africa hypothesis posits that modern humans originated in Africa, members of this species moving into the rest of the old world displacing the descendants of Homo erectus that they encountered.<ref>Daniel L. Hartl, Maryellen Ruvolo: 2012: Genetics - analysis of genes and genomes: 8th ed: USA: Hartl, Daniel L.</ref>

	[[Image:Multiregional and out of africa model .jpg]]		[[Image:Multiregional and out of africa model .jpg]]

			<ref>https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=the+multiregional+model&rlz=1C1ASUT_en-GBGB447GB447&espv=210&es_sm=93&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=WYaCUvyXBdKQ7AaM8oDYCw&ved=0CAkQ_AUoAQ&biw=1366&bih=667#es_sm=93&espv=210&q=multiregional+model&tbm=isch&facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=zw9NKzsxgWM5dM%3A%3BA23_uAI4kEhvpM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fen.citizendium.org%252Fimages%252F7%252F7f%252FMultireg.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fen.citizendium.org%252Fwiki%252Fneanderthal%3B360%3B272</ref>

	=== '''3) The Hybridiz'''ation model ===		=== '''3) The Hybridiz'''ation model ===

	The Hybridization model proposes that [[~~Homo_sapiens~~\|''H. sapiens'']] evolved only once in Africa and, after dispersal out of Africa, hybridization took place between modern human and Archaic humans as their populations made contact <ref>Daniel L. Hartl, Maryellen Ruvolo: 2012: Genetics - analysis of genes and genomes: 8th ed: USA: Hartl, Daniel L.</ref>.		----

			The Hybridization model proposes that [[Homo sapiens\|''H. sapiens'']] evolved only once in Africa and, after dispersal out of Africa, hybridization took place between modern human and Archaic humans as their populations made contact <ref>Daniel L. Hartl, Maryellen Ruvolo: 2012: Genetics - analysis of genes and genomes: 8th ed: USA: Hartl, Daniel L.</ref>.

	=== '''How can we test these models?''' ===		=== '''How can we test these models?''' ===

			----

	We can compare the sequences of modern humans in different populations. Once the sequences are isolated, communities of small effective population size will rapidly accumulate differences by drift. These differences allow us to map relationships between populations and patterns of gene flow (interbreeding).		We can compare the sequences of modern humans in different populations. Once the sequences are isolated, communities of small effective population size will rapidly accumulate differences by drift. These differences allow us to map relationships between populations and patterns of gene flow (interbreeding).

	=== '''Neanderthals''' ===		=== '''Neanderthals''' ===

			----

	Neanderthals are descendants of the original Homo erectus populations who left Africa about 1 million years ago.<br>		Neanderthals are descendants of the original Homo erectus populations who left Africa about 1 million years ago.<br>

	=== '''Did Neanderthals and modern humans interbreed?''' ===		=== '''Did Neanderthals and modern humans interbreed?''' ===

			----

	Neanderthals lived in Europe between 300,000 and 30,000 years ago. The out of Africa hypothesis posits that modern humans displaced them when they reached Europe about 50,000 years ago, without any interbreeding. The last Neanderthal died out about 30,000 years ago.		Neanderthals lived in Europe between 300,000 and 30,000 years ago. The out of Africa hypothesis posits that modern humans displaced them when they reached Europe about 50,000 years ago, without any interbreeding. The last Neanderthal died out about 30,000 years ago.
Line 36:		Line 52:

	=== References ===		=== References ===

			----

	<references />		<references />

Nnjm2 at 11:15, 26 November 2013

2013-11-26T11:15:15Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:15, 26 November 2013
Line 1:		Line 1:
	=== '''The evolutionary history of humans:''' ===		=== '''The evolutionary history of humans:''' ===

	~~----~~		The evolutionary history of humans is the history of life on earth and how it has evolved since life first originated until the present day.

	The evolutionary history of humans is the history of life on earth and how it has evolved since life first originated until the present day.<ref>https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=define+evolutionary+history+of+humans&amp;amp;amp;rlz=1C1ASUT_en-GBGB447GB447&amp;amp;amp;oq=define+evolutionary+histor&amp;amp;amp;aqs=chrome.0.69i59l2j69i57j0l3.3746j0j7&amp;amp;amp;sourceid=chrome&amp;amp;amp;espv=210&amp;amp;amp;es_sm=93&amp;amp;amp;ie=UTF-8#es_sm=93&amp;amp;amp;espv=210&amp;amp;amp;q=define+evolutionary+history</ref>		There are three main models that have been proposed to explain how [[Homo sapiens\|''H. sapiens'']] aros<span style="line-height: 1.5em;">e. All of the models incorporate the fact that ''H. erectus'' was the first hominin to leave Africa and inhabit Eurasia </span><ref>Daniel L. Hartl, Maryellen Ruvolo: 2012: Genetics - analysis of genes and genomes: 8th ed: USA: Hartl, Daniel L.</ref>.

	There are three main models that have been proposed to explain how [[Homo sapiens\|''H. sapiens'']] aros<span style="line-height: 1.5em;">e. All of the models incorporate the fact that H.erectus was the first hominin to leave Africa and inhabit Eurasia </span><ref>Daniel L. Hartl, Maryellen Ruvolo: 2012: Genetics - analysis of genes and genomes: 8th ed: USA: Hartl, Daniel L.</ref>.

	=== '''1) The Multiregional model''' ===		=== '''1) The Multiregional model''' ===

	~~----~~

	The Multiregional Model posits that modern human ([[Homo sapiens\|''Homo sapiens'']]) populations arose independently from isolated populations of Homo erectus.<ref>Daniel L. Hartl, Maryellen Ruvolo: 2012: Genetics - analysis of genes and genomes: 8th ed: USA: Hartl, Daniel L.</ref>		The Multiregional Model posits that modern human ([[Homo sapiens\|''Homo sapiens'']]) populations arose independently from isolated populations of Homo erectus.<ref>Daniel L. Hartl, Maryellen Ruvolo: 2012: Genetics - analysis of genes and genomes: 8th ed: USA: Hartl, Daniel L.</ref>
Line 15:		Line 11:
	=== '''2) The Africa replacement model''' ===		=== '''2) The Africa replacement model''' ===

	~~----~~		The Out of Africa hypothesis posits that modern humans originated in Africa, members of this species moving into the rest of the old world displacing the descendants of Homo erectus that they encountered.<ref>Daniel L. Hartl, Maryellen Ruvolo: 2012: Genetics - analysis of genes and genomes: 8th ed: USA: Hartl, Daniel L.</ref>

	The Out of Africa hypothesis posits that modern humans originated in Africa, members of this species moving into the rest of the old world displacing the descendants of Homo erectus that they encountered.<ref>Daniel L. Hartl, Maryellen Ruvolo: 2012: Genetics - analysis of genes and genomes: 8th ed: USA: Hartl, Daniel L.~~</ref>~~

	<ref>https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=the+multiregional+model&rlz=1C1ASUT_en-GBGB447GB447&espv=210&es_sm=93&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=WYaCUvyXBdKQ7AaM8oDYCw&ved=0CAkQ_AUoAQ&biw=1366&bih=667#es_sm=93&espv=210&q=multiregional+model&tbm=isch&facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=zw9NKzsxgWM5dM%3A%3BA23_uAI4kEhvpM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fen.citizendium.org%252Fimages%252F7%252F7f%252FMultireg.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fen.citizendium.org%252Fwiki%252Fneanderthal%3B360%3B272</ref>

	[[Image:Multiregional and out of africa model .jpg]]		[[Image:Multiregional and out of africa model .jpg]]
Line 25:		Line 17:
	=== '''3) The Hybridiz'''ation model ===		=== '''3) The Hybridiz'''ation model ===

	~~----~~		The Hybridization model proposes that [[Homo_sapiens\|''H. sapiens'']] evolved only once in Africa and, after dispersal out of Africa, hybridization took place between modern human and Archaic humans as their populations made contact <ref>Daniel L. Hartl, Maryellen Ruvolo: 2012: Genetics - analysis of genes and genomes: 8th ed: USA: Hartl, Daniel L.</ref>.

	The Hybridization model ~~pro<span style="line-height: 1.5em;">poses~~ that [[~~Homo sapiens~~\|H.sapiens]] evolved only once in Africa and, after dispersal out of Africa, hybridization took place between modern human and Archaic humans as their populations made contact ~~</span>~~<ref>Daniel L. Hartl, Maryellen Ruvolo: 2012: Genetics - analysis of genes and genomes: 8th ed: USA: Hartl, Daniel L.</ref>.~~<span style="line-height: 1.5em;"> </span><br>~~

	=== '''How can we test these models?''' ===		=== '''How can we test these models?''' ===

	~~----~~

	We can compare the sequences of modern humans in different populations. Once the sequences are isolated, communities of small effective population size will rapidly accumulate differences by drift. These differences allow us to map relationships between populations and patterns of gene flow (interbreeding).		We can compare the sequences of modern humans in different populations. Once the sequences are isolated, communities of small effective population size will rapidly accumulate differences by drift. These differences allow us to map relationships between populations and patterns of gene flow (interbreeding).

	=== '''Neanderthals''' ===		=== '''Neanderthals''' ===

	~~----~~

	Neanderthals are descendants of the original Homo erectus populations who left Africa about 1 million years ago.<br>		Neanderthals are descendants of the original Homo erectus populations who left Africa about 1 million years ago.<br>
Line 43:		Line 29:
	=== '''Did Neanderthals and modern humans interbreed?''' ===		=== '''Did Neanderthals and modern humans interbreed?''' ===

	~~----~~		Neanderthals lived in Europe between 300,000 and 30,000 years ago. The out of Africa hypothesis posits that modern humans displaced them when they reached Europe about 50,000 years ago, without any interbreeding. The last Neanderthal died out about 30,000 years ago.

	Neanderthals lived in Europe between 300,000 and 30,000 years ago. The out of Africa hypothesis posits that modern humans displaced them when they reached Europe about 50,000 years ago, without any interbreeding. The last Neanderthal died out about 30,000 years ago.~~<br>~~

	To test whether Neanderthals are more closely related to some present day humans than others, SNPs (single nucleotide [[Polymorphism\|polymorphisms]]) were identified by comparing one randomly chosen sequence from each of two present-day humans (H1, H2) and asked if the Neanderthals matched the [[Alleles\|alleles]] of the two individuals equally often – if not then it can be concluded that one human contains more Neanderthal [[DNA\|DNA]] than the other.		To test whether Neanderthals are more closely related to some present day humans than others, SNPs (single nucleotide [[Polymorphism\|polymorphisms]]) were identified by comparing one randomly chosen sequence from each of two present-day humans (H1, H2) and asked if the Neanderthals matched the [[Alleles\|alleles]] of the two individuals equally often – if not then it can be concluded that one human contains more Neanderthal [[DNA\|DNA]] than the other.

	Individuals in Eurasia carry regions in their [[Genome\|genome]] that are closely related to those in Neanderthals and distant from other present day humans. Some data suggests that between 1 and 4% of the [[Genome\|genomes]] of people in Eurasia are derived from Neanderthals.~~<br>~~		Individuals in Eurasia carry regions in their [[Genome\|genome]] that are closely related to those in Neanderthals and distant from other present day humans. Some data suggests that between 1 and 4% of the [[Genome\|genomes]] of people in Eurasia are derived from Neanderthals.

	=== References ===		=== References ===

	~~----~~

	<references />		<references />

130052180 at 10:16, 26 November 2013

2013-11-26T10:16:52Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:16, 26 November 2013
Line 3:		Line 3:
	----		----

	The evolutionary history of humans is the history of life on earth and how it has evolved since life first originated until the present day.		The evolutionary history of humans is the history of life on earth and how it has evolved since life first originated until the present day.<ref>https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=define+evolutionary+history+of+humans&amp;amp;amp;rlz=1C1ASUT_en-GBGB447GB447&amp;amp;amp;oq=define+evolutionary+histor&amp;amp;amp;aqs=chrome.0.69i59l2j69i57j0l3.3746j0j7&amp;amp;amp;sourceid=chrome&amp;amp;amp;espv=210&amp;amp;amp;es_sm=93&amp;amp;amp;ie=UTF-8#es_sm=93&amp;amp;amp;espv=210&amp;amp;amp;q=define+evolutionary+history</ref>

	There are three main models that have been proposed to explain how [[Homo sapiens\|''H. sapiens'']] aros<span style="line-height: 1.5em;">e. All of the models incorporate the fact that H.erectus was the first hominin to leave Africa and inhabit Eurasia </span><ref>Daniel L. Hartl, Maryellen Ruvolo: 2012: Genetics - analysis of genes and genomes: 8th ed: USA: Hartl, Daniel L.</ref>.		There are three main models that have been proposed to explain how [[Homo sapiens\|''H. sapiens'']] aros<span style="line-height: 1.5em;">e. All of the models incorporate the fact that H.erectus was the first hominin to leave Africa and inhabit Eurasia </span><ref>Daniel L. Hartl, Maryellen Ruvolo: 2012: Genetics - analysis of genes and genomes: 8th ed: USA: Hartl, Daniel L.</ref>.
Line 11:		Line 11:
	----		----

	The Multiregional Model posits that modern human ([[Homo sapiens\|''Homo sapiens'']]) populations arose independently from isolated populations of Homo erectus.		The Multiregional Model posits that modern human ([[Homo sapiens\|''Homo sapiens'']]) populations arose independently from isolated populations of Homo erectus.<ref>Daniel L. Hartl, Maryellen Ruvolo: 2012: Genetics - analysis of genes and genomes: 8th ed: USA: Hartl, Daniel L.</ref>

	=== '''2) The Africa replacement model''' ===		=== '''2) The Africa replacement model''' ===
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	----		----

	The Out of Africa hypothesis posits that modern humans originated in Africa, members of this species moving into the rest of the old world displacing the descendants of Homo erectus that they encountered.		The Out of Africa hypothesis posits that modern humans originated in Africa, members of this species moving into the rest of the old world displacing the descendants of Homo erectus that they encountered.<ref>Daniel L. Hartl, Maryellen Ruvolo: 2012: Genetics - analysis of genes and genomes: 8th ed: USA: Hartl, Daniel L.</ref>

			<ref>https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=the+multiregional+model&rlz=1C1ASUT_en-GBGB447GB447&espv=210&es_sm=93&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=WYaCUvyXBdKQ7AaM8oDYCw&ved=0CAkQ_AUoAQ&biw=1366&bih=667#es_sm=93&espv=210&q=multiregional+model&tbm=isch&facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=zw9NKzsxgWM5dM%3A%3BA23_uAI4kEhvpM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fen.citizendium.org%252Fimages%252F7%252F7f%252FMultireg.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fen.citizendium.org%252Fwiki%252Fneanderthal%3B360%3B272</ref>

	[[Image:Multiregional and out of africa model .jpg]]		[[Image:Multiregional and out of africa model .jpg]]

130052180 at 10:11, 26 November 2013

2013-11-26T10:11:23Z

Nnjm2 at 00:16, 19 November 2013

2013-11-19T00:16:00Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:16, 19 November 2013
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	=== '''The evolutionary history of humans:''' ===		=== '''The evolutionary history of humans:''' ===

	~~----~~		The evolutionary history of humans is the history of life on earth and how it has evolved since life first originated until the present day.

	The evolutionary history of humans is the history of life on earth and how it has evolved since life first originated until the present day.

	There are three main models that have been proposed to explain how [[Homo sapiens\|''H. sapiens'']] aros<span style="line-height: 1.5em;">e. All of the models incorporate the fact that H.erectus was the first hominin to leave Africa and inhabit Eurasia </span><ref>Daniel L. Hartl, Maryellen Ruvolo: 2012: Genetics - analysis of genes and genomes: 8th ed: USA: Hartl, Daniel L.</ref>.		There are three main models that have been proposed to explain how [[Homo sapiens\|''H. sapiens'']] aros<span style="line-height: 1.5em;">e. All of the models incorporate the fact that H.erectus was the first hominin to leave Africa and inhabit Eurasia </span><ref>Daniel L. Hartl, Maryellen Ruvolo: 2012: Genetics - analysis of genes and genomes: 8th ed: USA: Hartl, Daniel L.</ref>.

	=== '''1) The Multiregional model''' ===		=== '''1) The Multiregional model''' ===

	~~----~~

	The Multiregional Model posits that modern human ([[Homo sapiens\|''Homo sapiens'']]) populations arose independently from isolated populations of Homo erectus.		The Multiregional Model posits that modern human ([[Homo sapiens\|''Homo sapiens'']]) populations arose independently from isolated populations of Homo erectus.

	=== '''2) The Africa replacement model''' ===		=== '''2) The Africa replacement model''' ===

	~~----~~

	The Out of Africa hypothesis posits that modern humans originated in Africa, members of this species moving into the rest of the old world displacing the descendants of Homo erectus that they encountered.		The Out of Africa hypothesis posits that modern humans originated in Africa, members of this species moving into the rest of the old world displacing the descendants of Homo erectus that they encountered.

	[[Image:Multiregional and out of africa model .jpg]]		[[Image:Multiregional and out of africa model .jpg]]

	=== '''3) The Hybridiz'''ation model ===		=== '''3) The Hybridiz'''ation model ===

	~~----~~

	The Hybridization model pro<span style="line-height: 1.5em;">poses that [[Homo sapiens\|H.sapiens]] evolved only once in Africa and, after dispersal out of Africa, hybridization took place between modern human and Archaic humans as their populations made contact </span><ref>Daniel L. Hartl, Maryellen Ruvolo: 2012: Genetics - analysis of genes and genomes: 8th ed: USA: Hartl, Daniel L.</ref>.<span style="line-height: 1.5em;"> </span><br>		The Hybridization model pro<span style="line-height: 1.5em;">poses that [[Homo sapiens\|H.sapiens]] evolved only once in Africa and, after dispersal out of Africa, hybridization took place between modern human and Archaic humans as their populations made contact </span><ref>Daniel L. Hartl, Maryellen Ruvolo: 2012: Genetics - analysis of genes and genomes: 8th ed: USA: Hartl, Daniel L.</ref>.<span style="line-height: 1.5em;"> </span><br>

	=== '''How can we test these models?''' ===		=== '''How can we test these models?''' ===

	~~----~~

	We can compare the sequences of modern humans in different populations. Once the sequences are isolated, communities of small effective population size will rapidly accumulate differences by drift. These differences allow us to map relationships between populations and patterns of gene flow (interbreeding).		We can compare the sequences of modern humans in different populations. Once the sequences are isolated, communities of small effective population size will rapidly accumulate differences by drift. These differences allow us to map relationships between populations and patterns of gene flow (interbreeding).

	=== '''Neanderthals''' ===		=== '''Neanderthals''' ===

	~~----~~

	Neanderthals are descendants of the original Homo erectus populations who left Africa about 1 million years ago.<br>		Neanderthals are descendants of the original Homo erectus populations who left Africa about 1 million years ago.<br>

	=== '''Did Neanderthals and modern humans interbreed?''' ===		=== '''Did Neanderthals and modern humans interbreed?''' ===

	~~----~~

	Neanderthals lived in Europe between 300,000 and 30,000 years ago. The out of Africa hypothesis posits that modern humans displaced them when they reached Europe about 50,000 years ago, without any interbreeding. The last Neanderthal died out about 30,000 years ago.<br>		Neanderthals lived in Europe between 300,000 and 30,000 years ago. The out of Africa hypothesis posits that modern humans displaced them when they reached Europe about 50,000 years ago, without any interbreeding. The last Neanderthal died out about 30,000 years ago.<br>
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	=== References ===		=== References ===

	~~----~~		<references />

	<references /~~><br~~>

Nnjm2: Took out google references

2013-11-19T00:14:44Z

Took out google references

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:14, 19 November 2013
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	----		----

	The evolutionary history of humans is the history of life on earth and how it has evolved since life first originated until the present day.<ref>https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=define+evolutionary+hisory&rlz=1C1ASUT_en-GBGB447GB447&oq=define+evolutionary+hisory&aqs=chrome..69i57.4787j0j1&sourceid=chrome&espv=210&es_sm=93&ie=UTF-8#es_sm=93&espv=210&q=define+evolutionary+history&spell=1</ref>		The evolutionary history of humans is the history of life on earth and how it has evolved since life first originated until the present day.

	There are three main models that have been proposed to explain how [[Homo sapiens\|''H. sapiens'']] aros<span style="line-height: 1.5em;">e. All of the models incorporate the fact that H.erectus was the first hominin to leave Africa and inhabit Eurasia </span><ref>Daniel L. Hartl, Maryellen Ruvolo: 2012: Genetics - analysis of genes and genomes: 8th ed: USA: Hartl, Daniel L.</ref>.		There are three main models that have been proposed to explain how [[Homo sapiens\|''H. sapiens'']] aros<span style="line-height: 1.5em;">e. All of the models incorporate the fact that H.erectus was the first hominin to leave Africa and inhabit Eurasia </span><ref>Daniel L. Hartl, Maryellen Ruvolo: 2012: Genetics - analysis of genes and genomes: 8th ed: USA: Hartl, Daniel L.</ref>.
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	The Out of Africa hypothesis posits that modern humans originated in Africa, members of this species moving into the rest of the old world displacing the descendants of Homo erectus that they encountered.		The Out of Africa hypothesis posits that modern humans originated in Africa, members of this species moving into the rest of the old world displacing the descendants of Homo erectus that they encountered.

	[[Image:Multiregional and out of africa model .jpg]]<ref>https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=multiregional+model&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;rlz=1C1ASUT_en-GBGB447GB447&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;espv=210&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;es_sm=93&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;source=lnms&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;tbm=isch&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;ei=9ZCKUpXbK4bKhAfkw4GYBA&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;ved=0CAkQ_AUoAQ&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;biw=1366&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;bih=666#facrc=_&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;imgdii=_&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;imgrc=zw9NKzsxgWM5dM%3A%3BA23_uAI4kEhvpM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fen.citizendium.org%252Fimages%252F7%252F7f%252FMultireg.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fen.citizendium.org%252Fwiki%252Fneanderthal%3B360%3B272</ref>		[[Image:Multiregional and out of africa model .jpg]]

	=== '''3) The Hybridiz'''ation model ===		=== '''3) The Hybridiz'''ation model ===

130052180 at 22:35, 18 November 2013

2013-11-18T22:35:54Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:35, 18 November 2013
Line 3:		Line 3:
	----		----

	The evolutionary history of humans is the history of life on earth and how it has evolved since life first originated until the present day.		The evolutionary history of humans is the history of life on earth and how it has evolved since life first originated until the present day.<ref>https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=define+evolutionary+hisory&rlz=1C1ASUT_en-GBGB447GB447&oq=define+evolutionary+hisory&aqs=chrome..69i57.4787j0j1&sourceid=chrome&espv=210&es_sm=93&ie=UTF-8#es_sm=93&espv=210&q=define+evolutionary+history&spell=1</ref>

	There are three main models that have been proposed to explain how [[Homo sapiens\|''H. sapiens'']] aros<span style="line-height: 1.5em;">e. All of the models incorporate the fact that H.erectus was the first hominin to leave Africa and inhabit Eurasia </span><ref>Daniel L. Hartl, Maryellen Ruvolo: 2012: Genetics - analysis of genes and genomes: 8th ed: USA: Hartl, Daniel L.</ref>.		There are three main models that have been proposed to explain how [[Homo sapiens\|''H. sapiens'']] aros<span style="line-height: 1.5em;">e. All of the models incorporate the fact that H.erectus was the first hominin to leave Africa and inhabit Eurasia </span><ref>Daniel L. Hartl, Maryellen Ruvolo: 2012: Genetics - analysis of genes and genomes: 8th ed: USA: Hartl, Daniel L.</ref>.
Line 19:		Line 19:
	The Out of Africa hypothesis posits that modern humans originated in Africa, members of this species moving into the rest of the old world displacing the descendants of Homo erectus that they encountered.		The Out of Africa hypothesis posits that modern humans originated in Africa, members of this species moving into the rest of the old world displacing the descendants of Homo erectus that they encountered.

	[[Image:Multiregional and out of africa model .jpg]]<ref>https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=multiregional+model&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;rlz=1C1ASUT_en-GBGB447GB447&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;espv=210&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;es_sm=93&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;source=lnms&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;tbm=isch&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;ei=9ZCKUpXbK4bKhAfkw4GYBA&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;ved=0CAkQ_AUoAQ&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;biw=1366&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;bih=666#facrc=_&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;imgdii=_&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;imgrc=zw9NKzsxgWM5dM%3A%3BA23_uAI4kEhvpM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fen.citizendium.org%252Fimages%252F7%252F7f%252FMultireg.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fen.citizendium.org%252Fwiki%252Fneanderthal%3B360%3B272</ref>		[[Image:Multiregional and out of africa model .jpg]]<ref>https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=multiregional+model&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;rlz=1C1ASUT_en-GBGB447GB447&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;espv=210&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;es_sm=93&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;source=lnms&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;tbm=isch&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;ei=9ZCKUpXbK4bKhAfkw4GYBA&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;ved=0CAkQ_AUoAQ&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;biw=1366&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;bih=666#facrc=_&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;imgdii=_&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;imgrc=zw9NKzsxgWM5dM%3A%3BA23_uAI4kEhvpM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fen.citizendium.org%252Fimages%252F7%252F7f%252FMultireg.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fen.citizendium.org%252Fwiki%252Fneanderthal%3B360%3B272</ref>

	=== '''3) The Hybridiz'''ation model ===		=== '''3) The Hybridiz'''ation model ===

130052180 at 22:32, 18 November 2013

2013-11-18T22:32:05Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:32, 18 November 2013
Line 19:		Line 19:
	The Out of Africa hypothesis posits that modern humans originated in Africa, members of this species moving into the rest of the old world displacing the descendants of Homo erectus that they encountered.		The Out of Africa hypothesis posits that modern humans originated in Africa, members of this species moving into the rest of the old world displacing the descendants of Homo erectus that they encountered.

	[[Image:Multiregional and out of africa model .jpg]]<ref>https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=multiregional+model&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;rlz=1C1ASUT_en-GBGB447GB447&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;espv=210&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;es_sm=93&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;source=lnms&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;tbm=isch&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;ei=9ZCKUpXbK4bKhAfkw4GYBA&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;ved=0CAkQ_AUoAQ&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;biw=1366&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;bih=666#facrc=_&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;imgdii=_&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;imgrc=zw9NKzsxgWM5dM%3A%3BA23_uAI4kEhvpM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fen.citizendium.org%252Fimages%252F7%252F7f%252FMultireg.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fen.citizendium.org%252Fwiki%252Fneanderthal%3B360%3B272</ref>		[[Image:Multiregional and out of africa model .jpg]]<ref>https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=multiregional+model&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;rlz=1C1ASUT_en-GBGB447GB447&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;espv=210&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;es_sm=93&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;source=lnms&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;tbm=isch&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;ei=9ZCKUpXbK4bKhAfkw4GYBA&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;ved=0CAkQ_AUoAQ&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;biw=1366&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;bih=666#facrc=_&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;imgdii=_&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;imgrc=zw9NKzsxgWM5dM%3A%3BA23_uAI4kEhvpM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fen.citizendium.org%252Fimages%252F7%252F7f%252FMultireg.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fen.citizendium.org%252Fwiki%252Fneanderthal%3B360%3B272</ref>

	=== '''3) The Hybridiz'''ation model ===		=== '''3) The Hybridiz'''ation model ===
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	To test whether Neanderthals are more closely related to some present day humans than others, SNPs (single nucleotide [[Polymorphism\|polymorphisms]]) were identified by comparing one randomly chosen sequence from each of two present-day humans (H1, H2) and asked if the Neanderthals matched the [[Alleles\|alleles]] of the two individuals equally often – if not then it can be concluded that one human contains more Neanderthal [[DNA\|DNA]] than the other.		To test whether Neanderthals are more closely related to some present day humans than others, SNPs (single nucleotide [[Polymorphism\|polymorphisms]]) were identified by comparing one randomly chosen sequence from each of two present-day humans (H1, H2) and asked if the Neanderthals matched the [[Alleles\|alleles]] of the two individuals equally often – if not then it can be concluded that one human contains more Neanderthal [[DNA\|DNA]] than the other.

	Individuals in Eurasia carry regions in their [[Genome\|genome]] that are closely related to those in Neanderthals and distant from other present day humans. Some data suggests that between 1 and 4% of the [[Genome\|genomes]] of people in Eurasia are derived from Neanderthals<br>		Individuals in Eurasia carry regions in their [[Genome\|genome]] that are closely related to those in Neanderthals and distant from other present day humans. Some data suggests that between 1 and 4% of the [[Genome\|genomes]] of people in Eurasia are derived from Neanderthals.<br>

	=== References ===		=== References ===

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:11, 26 November 2013
Line 1:		Line 1:
	=== '''The evolutionary history of humans:''' ===		=== '''The evolutionary history of humans:''' ===

			----

	The evolutionary history of humans is the history of life on earth and how it has evolved since life first originated until the present day.		The evolutionary history of humans is the history of life on earth and how it has evolved since life first originated until the present day.
Line 6:		Line 8:

	=== '''1) The Multiregional model''' ===		=== '''1) The Multiregional model''' ===

			----

	The Multiregional Model posits that modern human ([[Homo sapiens\|''Homo sapiens'']]) populations arose independently from isolated populations of Homo erectus.		The Multiregional Model posits that modern human ([[Homo sapiens\|''Homo sapiens'']]) populations arose independently from isolated populations of Homo erectus.

	=== '''2) The Africa replacement model''' ===		=== '''2) The Africa replacement model''' ===

			----

	The Out of Africa hypothesis posits that modern humans originated in Africa, members of this species moving into the rest of the old world displacing the descendants of Homo erectus that they encountered.		The Out of Africa hypothesis posits that modern humans originated in Africa, members of this species moving into the rest of the old world displacing the descendants of Homo erectus that they encountered.
Line 16:		Line 22:

	=== '''3) The Hybridiz'''ation model ===		=== '''3) The Hybridiz'''ation model ===

			----

	The Hybridization model pro<span style="line-height: 1.5em;">poses that [[Homo sapiens\|H.sapiens]] evolved only once in Africa and, after dispersal out of Africa, hybridization took place between modern human and Archaic humans as their populations made contact </span><ref>Daniel L. Hartl, Maryellen Ruvolo: 2012: Genetics - analysis of genes and genomes: 8th ed: USA: Hartl, Daniel L.</ref>.<span style="line-height: 1.5em;"> </span><br>		The Hybridization model pro<span style="line-height: 1.5em;">poses that [[Homo sapiens\|H.sapiens]] evolved only once in Africa and, after dispersal out of Africa, hybridization took place between modern human and Archaic humans as their populations made contact </span><ref>Daniel L. Hartl, Maryellen Ruvolo: 2012: Genetics - analysis of genes and genomes: 8th ed: USA: Hartl, Daniel L.</ref>.<span style="line-height: 1.5em;"> </span><br>

	=== '''How can we test these models?''' ===		=== '''How can we test these models?''' ===

			----

	We can compare the sequences of modern humans in different populations. Once the sequences are isolated, communities of small effective population size will rapidly accumulate differences by drift. These differences allow us to map relationships between populations and patterns of gene flow (interbreeding).		We can compare the sequences of modern humans in different populations. Once the sequences are isolated, communities of small effective population size will rapidly accumulate differences by drift. These differences allow us to map relationships between populations and patterns of gene flow (interbreeding).

	=== '''Neanderthals''' ===		=== '''Neanderthals''' ===

			----

	Neanderthals are descendants of the original Homo erectus populations who left Africa about 1 million years ago.<br>		Neanderthals are descendants of the original Homo erectus populations who left Africa about 1 million years ago.<br>

	=== '''Did Neanderthals and modern humans interbreed?''' ===		=== '''Did Neanderthals and modern humans interbreed?''' ===

			----

	Neanderthals lived in Europe between 300,000 and 30,000 years ago. The out of Africa hypothesis posits that modern humans displaced them when they reached Europe about 50,000 years ago, without any interbreeding. The last Neanderthal died out about 30,000 years ago.<br>		Neanderthals lived in Europe between 300,000 and 30,000 years ago. The out of Africa hypothesis posits that modern humans displaced them when they reached Europe about 50,000 years ago, without any interbreeding. The last Neanderthal died out about 30,000 years ago.<br>
Line 36:		Line 50:

	=== References ===		=== References ===

			----

	<references />		<references />