High Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE) - Revision history

180203592: Corrected spaces between words and reference figures

2018-12-09T17:37:50Z

Corrected spaces between words and reference figures

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	High Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE) is a life-threatening illness which occurs at high altitude. It develops from acute mountain sickness, more commonly known as altitude sickness <ref>Swapnil J. Paralikar, High Altitude Pulmonary Edema: Clinical features, pathophysiology, prevention and treatment. Indian Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 2012; 16(2): 59-62</ref>. At higher altitudes the air pressure decreases and so the oxygen atoms are more spread out in air, this means that with each breath less oxygen is breathed in.		High Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE) is a life-threatening illness which occurs at high altitude. It develops from acute mountain sickness, more commonly known as altitude sickness<ref>Swapnil J. Paralikar, High Altitude Pulmonary Edema: Clinical features, pathophysiology, prevention and treatment. Indian Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 2012; 16(2): 59-62</ref>. At higher altitudes the air pressure decreases and so the oxygen atoms are more spread out in air, this means that with each breath less oxygen is breathed in.

	High altitude pulmonary edema occurs at above 3000m due to people ascending in altitude too quickly without proper acclimatisation. It is caused by the alveoli in the lungs becoming [[Hypoxia\|hypoxic]] which leads to the [[Vasoconstriction\|vasoconstriction]] of the pulmonary blood vessels. This vasoconstriction causes an increase in capillary pressure and in turn an increase in hydrostatic pressure<ref>Swapnil J. Paralikar, High Altitude Pulmonary Edema: Clinical features, pathophysiology, prevention and treatment. Indian Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 2012; 16(2): 59-62</ref>. The increase in capillary and hydrostatic pressure causes damage to capillary walls which leads to the edema. This negatively effects oxygen delivery as there is now an increased diffusion distance <ref>Peter Bärtsch, Heimo Mairbäurl, Marco Maggiorini, Erik R. Swenson, Physiological aspects of high-altitude pulmonary edema. Journal of applied physiology, March 2005; 98(3):1101-1110</ref>.		High altitude pulmonary edema occurs at above 3000m due to people ascending in altitude too quickly without proper acclimatisation. It is caused by the alveoli in the lungs becoming [[Hypoxia\|hypoxic]] which leads to the [[Vasoconstriction\|vasoconstriction]] of the pulmonary blood vessels. This vasoconstriction causes an increase in capillary pressure and in turn an increase in hydrostatic pressure<ref>Swapnil J. Paralikar, High Altitude Pulmonary Edema: Clinical features, pathophysiology, prevention and treatment. Indian Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 2012; 16(2): 59-62</ref>. The increase in capillary and hydrostatic pressure causes damage to capillary walls which leads to the edema. This negatively effects oxygen delivery as there is now an increased diffusion distance<ref>Peter Bärtsch, Heimo Mairbäurl, Marco Maggiorini, Erik R. Swenson, Physiological aspects of high-altitude pulmonary edema. Journal of applied physiology, March 2005; 98(3):1101-1110</ref>.

	<u>Symptoms<ref>NHS, Altitude Sickness, Aphttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3617508/ril 2017, cited 21/10/2017</ref> :</u><br>The symptoms of HAPE include two or more of the following:		<u>Symptoms<ref>NHS, Altitude Sickness, Aphttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3617508/ril 2017, cited 21/10/2017</ref> :</u><br>The symptoms of HAPE include two or more of the following:

	*Blue skin		*Blue skin
	*Trouble with breathing, even at rest		*Trouble with breathing, even at rest
	*Tightness of the chest		*Tightness of the chest
	*Cough		*Cough
	*Tiredness and Weakness		*Tiredness and Weakness
	*Rapid heart rate (tachycardia)		*Rapid heart rate (tachycardia)
	*Rapid shallow breathing<br>		*Rapid shallow breathing<br>

	If an individual is experiencing these symptoms, they should either seek hyperbaric treatment, supplement oxygen or descend to a lower altitude as quickly as possible<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3617508/</ref><font></font>to prevent the development of HAPE to the more serious [[High_Altitude_Pulmonary_Edema_(HAPE)\|High Altitude Cerebral Edema (HACE)]] <ref>Swapnil J. Paralikar, High Altitude Pulmonary Edema: Clinical features, pathophysiology, prevention and treatment. Indian Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 2012; 16(2): 59-62</ref>.<br>		If an individual is experiencing these symptoms, they should either seek hyperbaric treatment, supplement oxygen or descend to a lower altitude as quickly as possible<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3617508/</ref><font></font>to prevent the development of HAPE to the more serious [[High_Altitude_Pulmonary_Edema_(HAPE)\|High Altitude Cerebral Edema (HACE)]]<ref>Swapnil J. Paralikar, High Altitude Pulmonary Edema: Clinical features, pathophysiology, prevention and treatment. Indian Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 2012; 16(2): 59-62</ref>.<br>

	=== References:<br> ===		=== References:<br> ===

	<references />		<references />

170082336 at 19:10, 19 October 2018

2018-10-19T19:10:43Z

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	High ~~altitude pulmonary edema~~ (HAPE) is a life-threatening illness which occurs at high altitude. It develops from acute mountain sickness, more commonly known as altitude sickness <ref>Swapnil J. Paralikar, High Altitude Pulmonary Edema: Clinical features, pathophysiology, prevention and treatment. Indian Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 2012; 16(2): 59-62</ref>. At higher altitudes the air pressure decreases and so the oxygen atoms are more spread out in air, this means that with each breath less oxygen is breathed in.		High Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE) is a life-threatening illness which occurs at high altitude. It develops from acute mountain sickness, more commonly known as altitude sickness <ref>Swapnil J. Paralikar, High Altitude Pulmonary Edema: Clinical features, pathophysiology, prevention and treatment. Indian Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 2012; 16(2): 59-62</ref>. At higher altitudes the air pressure decreases and so the oxygen atoms are more spread out in air, this means that with each breath less oxygen is breathed in.

	*High altitude pulmonary edema occurs at above 3000m due to people ascending in altitude too quickly without proper acclimatisation. It is caused by the alveoli in the lungs becoming [[Hypoxia\|hypoxic]] which leads to the [[Vasoconstriction\|vasoconstriction]] of the pulmonary blood vessels . This vasoconstriction causes an increase in capillary pressure and in turn an increase in hydrostatic pressure<ref>Swapnil J. Paralikar, High Altitude Pulmonary Edema: Clinical features, pathophysiology, prevention and treatment. Indian Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 2012; 16(2): 59-62</ref>. The increase in capillary and hydrostatic pressure causes damage to capillary walls which leads to the edema. This negatively effects oxygen delivery as there is now an increased diffusion distance <ref>Peter Bärtsch, Heimo Mairbäurl, Marco Maggiorini, Erik R. Swenson, Physiological aspects of high-altitude pulmonary edema. Journal of applied physiology, March 2005; 98(3):1101-1110</ref>.		High altitude pulmonary edema occurs at above 3000m due to people ascending in altitude too quickly without proper acclimatisation. It is caused by the alveoli in the lungs becoming [[Hypoxia\|hypoxic]] which leads to the [[Vasoconstriction\|vasoconstriction]] of the pulmonary blood vessels. This vasoconstriction causes an increase in capillary pressure and in turn an increase in hydrostatic pressure<ref>Swapnil J. Paralikar, High Altitude Pulmonary Edema: Clinical features, pathophysiology, prevention and treatment. Indian Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 2012; 16(2): 59-62</ref>. The increase in capillary and hydrostatic pressure causes damage to capillary walls which leads to the edema. This negatively effects oxygen delivery as there is now an increased diffusion distance <ref>Peter Bärtsch, Heimo Mairbäurl, Marco Maggiorini, Erik R. Swenson, Physiological aspects of high-altitude pulmonary edema. Journal of applied physiology, March 2005; 98(3):1101-1110</ref>.

	<u>Symptoms<ref>NHS, Altitude Sickness, Aphttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3617508/ril 2017, cited 21/10/2017</ref> :</u><br>The symptoms of HAPE include two or more of the following:~~<br>- Blue skin<br>- Trouble with breathing, even at rest<br>- Tightness of the chest<br>- Cough<br>- Tiredness and Weakness<br>- Rapid heart rate (tachycardia)<br>- Rapid shallow breathing~~		<u>Symptoms<ref>NHS, Altitude Sickness, Aphttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3617508/ril 2017, cited 21/10/2017</ref> :</u><br>The symptoms of HAPE include two or more of the following:

	<br>		*Blue skin
			*Trouble with breathing, even at rest
			*Tightness of the chest
			*Cough
			*Tiredness and Weakness
			*Rapid heart rate (tachycardia)
			*Rapid shallow breathing<br>

	If an individual is experiencing these symptoms, they should either seek hyperbaric treatment, supplement oxygen or descend to a lower altitude as quickly as possible<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3617508/</ref><font></font>to prevent the development of HAPE to the more serious ~~high altitude cerebral edema~~ (HACE) <ref>Swapnil J. Paralikar, High Altitude Pulmonary Edema: Clinical features, pathophysiology, prevention and treatment. Indian Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 2012; 16(2): 59-62</ref>.		If an individual is experiencing these symptoms, they should either seek hyperbaric treatment, supplement oxygen or descend to a lower altitude as quickly as possible<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3617508/</ref><font></font>to prevent the development of HAPE to the more serious [[High_Altitude_Pulmonary_Edema_(HAPE)\|High Altitude Cerebral Edema (HACE)]] <ref>Swapnil J. Paralikar, High Altitude Pulmonary Edema: Clinical features, pathophysiology, prevention and treatment. Indian Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 2012; 16(2): 59-62</ref>.<br>

	<br>		=== References:<br> ===

	~~<br>~~		<references />

	~~=== References: ===~~

	~~===~~ <references />~~<br> ===~~

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	High altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is a life-threatening illness which occurs at high altitude. It develops from acute mountain sickness, more commonly known as altitude sickness <ref>Swapnil J. Paralikar, High Altitude Pulmonary Edema: Clinical features, pathophysiology, prevention and treatment. Indian Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 2012; 16(2): 59-62</ref>. At higher altitudes the air pressure decreases and so the oxygen atoms are more spread out in air, this means that with each breath less oxygen is breathed in. ~~<br>~~High altitude pulmonary edema occurs at above 3000m due to people ascending in altitude too quickly without proper acclimatisation. It is caused by the alveoli in the lungs becoming [[Hypoxia\|hypoxic]] which leads to the[[Vasoconstriction\|vasoconstriction ]]of the pulmonary blood vessels . This vasoconstriction causes an increase in capillary pressure and in turn an increase in hydrostatic pressure<ref>Swapnil J. Paralikar, High Altitude Pulmonary Edema: Clinical features, pathophysiology, prevention and treatment. Indian Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 2012; 16(2): 59-62</ref>. The increase in capillary and hydrostatic pressure causes damage to capillary walls which leads to the edema. This negatively effects oxygen delivery as there is now an increased diffusion distance <ref>Peter Bärtsch, Heimo Mairbäurl, Marco Maggiorini, Erik R. Swenson, Physiological aspects of high-altitude pulmonary edema. Journal of applied physiology, March 2005; 98(3):1101-1110</ref>.~~<br>~~<u>Symptoms<ref>NHS, Altitude Sickness, Aphttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3617508/ril 2017, cited 21/10/2017</ref> :</u><br>The symptoms of HAPE include two or more of the following:<br>- Blue skin<br>- Trouble with breathing, even at rest<br>- Tightness of the chest<br>- Cough<br>- Tiredness and Weakness<br>- Rapid heart rate (tachycardia)<br>- Rapid shallow breathing		High altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is a life-threatening illness which occurs at high altitude. It develops from acute mountain sickness, more commonly known as altitude sickness <ref>Swapnil J. Paralikar, High Altitude Pulmonary Edema: Clinical features, pathophysiology, prevention and treatment. Indian Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 2012; 16(2): 59-62</ref>. At higher altitudes the air pressure decreases and so the oxygen atoms are more spread out in air, this means that with each breath less oxygen is breathed in.

			*High altitude pulmonary edema occurs at above 3000m due to people ascending in altitude too quickly without proper acclimatisation. It is caused by the alveoli in the lungs becoming [[Hypoxia\|hypoxic]] which leads to the [[Vasoconstriction\|vasoconstriction]] of the pulmonary blood vessels . This vasoconstriction causes an increase in capillary pressure and in turn an increase in hydrostatic pressure<ref>Swapnil J. Paralikar, High Altitude Pulmonary Edema: Clinical features, pathophysiology, prevention and treatment. Indian Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 2012; 16(2): 59-62</ref>. The increase in capillary and hydrostatic pressure causes damage to capillary walls which leads to the edema. This negatively effects oxygen delivery as there is now an increased diffusion distance <ref>Peter Bärtsch, Heimo Mairbäurl, Marco Maggiorini, Erik R. Swenson, Physiological aspects of high-altitude pulmonary edema. Journal of applied physiology, March 2005; 98(3):1101-1110</ref>.

			<u>Symptoms<ref>NHS, Altitude Sickness, Aphttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3617508/ril 2017, cited 21/10/2017</ref> :</u><br>The symptoms of HAPE include two or more of the following:<br>- Blue skin<br>- Trouble with breathing, even at rest<br>- Tightness of the chest<br>- Cough<br>- Tiredness and Weakness<br>- Rapid heart rate (tachycardia)<br>- Rapid shallow breathing

	<br>		<br>

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	High altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is a life-threatening illness which occurs at high altitude. It develops from acute mountain sickness, more commonly known as altitude sickness <ref>Swapnil J. Paralikar, High Altitude Pulmonary Edema: Clinical features, pathophysiology, prevention and treatment. Indian Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 2012; 16(2): 59-62</ref>. At higher altitudes the air pressure decreases and so the oxygen atoms are more spread out in air, this means that with each breath less oxygen is breathed in. <br>High altitude pulmonary edema occurs at above 3000m due to people ascending in altitude too quickly without proper acclimatisation. It is caused by the alveoli in the lungs becoming hypoxic which leads to the vasoconstriction of the pulmonary blood vessels . This vasoconstriction causes an increase in capillary pressure and in turn an increase in hydrostatic pressure<ref>Swapnil J. Paralikar, High Altitude Pulmonary Edema: Clinical features, pathophysiology, prevention and treatment. Indian Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 2012; 16(2): 59-62</ref>. The increase in capillary and hydrostatic pressure causes damage to capillary walls which leads to the edema. This negatively effects oxygen delivery as there is now an increased diffusion distance <ref>Peter Bärtsch, Heimo Mairbäurl, Marco Maggiorini, Erik R. Swenson, Physiological aspects of high-altitude pulmonary edema. Journal of applied physiology, March 2005; 98(3):1101-1110</ref>.<br><u>Symptoms<ref>NHS, Altitude Sickness, Aphttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3617508/ril 2017, cited 21/10/2017</ref> :</u><br>The symptoms of HAPE include two or more of the following:<br>- Blue skin<br>- Trouble with breathing, even at rest<br>- Tightness of the chest<br>- Cough<br>- Tiredness and Weakness<br>- Rapid heart rate (tachycardia)<br>- Rapid shallow breathing		High altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is a life-threatening illness which occurs at high altitude. It develops from acute mountain sickness, more commonly known as altitude sickness <ref>Swapnil J. Paralikar, High Altitude Pulmonary Edema: Clinical features, pathophysiology, prevention and treatment. Indian Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 2012; 16(2): 59-62</ref>. At higher altitudes the air pressure decreases and so the oxygen atoms are more spread out in air, this means that with each breath less oxygen is breathed in. <br>High altitude pulmonary edema occurs at above 3000m due to people ascending in altitude too quickly without proper acclimatisation. It is caused by the alveoli in the lungs becoming [[Hypoxia\|hypoxic]] which leads to the[[Vasoconstriction\|vasoconstriction ]]of the pulmonary blood vessels . This vasoconstriction causes an increase in capillary pressure and in turn an increase in hydrostatic pressure<ref>Swapnil J. Paralikar, High Altitude Pulmonary Edema: Clinical features, pathophysiology, prevention and treatment. Indian Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 2012; 16(2): 59-62</ref>. The increase in capillary and hydrostatic pressure causes damage to capillary walls which leads to the edema. This negatively effects oxygen delivery as there is now an increased diffusion distance <ref>Peter Bärtsch, Heimo Mairbäurl, Marco Maggiorini, Erik R. Swenson, Physiological aspects of high-altitude pulmonary edema. Journal of applied physiology, March 2005; 98(3):1101-1110</ref>.<br><u>Symptoms<ref>NHS, Altitude Sickness, Aphttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3617508/ril 2017, cited 21/10/2017</ref> :</u><br>The symptoms of HAPE include two or more of the following:<br>- Blue skin<br>- Trouble with breathing, even at rest<br>- Tightness of the chest<br>- Cough<br>- Tiredness and Weakness<br>- Rapid heart rate (tachycardia)<br>- Rapid shallow breathing

	<br>		<br>

160330023 at 22:41, 23 October 2017

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	High altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is a life-threatening illness which occurs at high altitude. It develops from acute mountain sickness, more commonly known as altitude sickness <ref>Swapnil J. Paralikar, High Altitude Pulmonary Edema: Clinical features, pathophysiology, prevention and treatment. Indian Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 2012; 16(2): 59-62</ref>. At higher altitudes the air pressure decreases and so the oxygen atoms are more spread out in air, this means that with each breath less oxygen is breathed in. <br>High altitude pulmonary edema occurs at above 3000m due to people ascending in altitude too quickly without proper acclimatisation. It is caused by the alveoli in the lungs becoming hypoxic which leads to the vasoconstriction of the pulmonary blood vessels . This vasoconstriction causes an increase in capillary pressure and in turn an increase in hydrostatic pressure<ref>Swapnil J. Paralikar, High Altitude Pulmonary Edema: Clinical features, pathophysiology, prevention and treatment. Indian Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 2012; 16(2): 59-62</ref>. The increase in capillary and hydrostatic pressure causes damage to capillary walls which leads to the edema. This negatively effects oxygen delivery as there is now an increased diffusion distance <ref>Peter Bärtsch, Heimo Mairbäurl, Marco Maggiorini, Erik R. Swenson, Physiological aspects of high-altitude pulmonary edema. Journal of applied physiology, March 2005; 98(3):1101-1110</ref>.<br><u>Symptoms<ref>NHS, Altitude Sickness, Aphttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3617508/ril 2017, cited 21/10/2017</ref> :</u><br>The symptoms of HAPE include two or more of the following:<br>- Blue skin<br>- Trouble with breathing, even at rest<br>- Tightness of the chest<br>- Cough<br>- Tiredness and Weakness<br>- Rapid heart rate (tachycardia)<br>- Rapid shallow breathing		High altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is a life-threatening illness which occurs at high altitude. It develops from acute mountain sickness, more commonly known as altitude sickness <ref>Swapnil J. Paralikar, High Altitude Pulmonary Edema: Clinical features, pathophysiology, prevention and treatment. Indian Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 2012; 16(2): 59-62</ref>. At higher altitudes the air pressure decreases and so the oxygen atoms are more spread out in air, this means that with each breath less oxygen is breathed in. <br>High altitude pulmonary edema occurs at above 3000m due to people ascending in altitude too quickly without proper acclimatisation. It is caused by the alveoli in the lungs becoming hypoxic which leads to the vasoconstriction of the pulmonary blood vessels . This vasoconstriction causes an increase in capillary pressure and in turn an increase in hydrostatic pressure<ref>Swapnil J. Paralikar, High Altitude Pulmonary Edema: Clinical features, pathophysiology, prevention and treatment. Indian Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 2012; 16(2): 59-62</ref>. The increase in capillary and hydrostatic pressure causes damage to capillary walls which leads to the edema. This negatively effects oxygen delivery as there is now an increased diffusion distance <ref>Peter Bärtsch, Heimo Mairbäurl, Marco Maggiorini, Erik R. Swenson, Physiological aspects of high-altitude pulmonary edema. Journal of applied physiology, March 2005; 98(3):1101-1110</ref>.<br><u>Symptoms<ref>NHS, Altitude Sickness, Aphttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3617508/ril 2017, cited 21/10/2017</ref> :</u><br>The symptoms of HAPE include two or more of the following:<br>- Blue skin<br>- Trouble with breathing, even at rest<br>- Tightness of the chest<br>- Cough<br>- Tiredness and Weakness<br>- Rapid heart rate (tachycardia)<br>- Rapid shallow breathing

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	=== References: ===		=== References: ===

	=== <references /><br>1) Swapnil J. Paralikar, High Altitude Pulmonary Edema: Clinical features, pathophysiology, prevention and treatment. Indian Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 2012; 16(2): 59-62<br>2) Peter Bärtsch, Heimo Mairbäurl, Marco Maggiorini, Erik R. Swenson, Physiological aspects of high-altitude pulmonary edema. Journal of applied physiology, March 2005; 98(3):1101-1110<br>3) NHS, Altitude Sickness, Aphttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3617508/ril 2017, cited 21/10/2017 ===		=== <references /><br> ===

160330023 at 22:41, 23 October 2017

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	High altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is a life-threatening illness which occurs at high altitude. It develops from acute mountain sickness, more commonly known as altitude sickness <~~sup~~>(1)</~~sup~~>. At higher altitudes the air pressure decreases and so the oxygen atoms are more spread out in air, this means that with each breath less oxygen is breathed in. <br>High altitude pulmonary edema occurs at above 3000m due to people ascending in altitude too quickly without proper acclimatisation. It is caused by the alveoli in the lungs becoming hypoxic which leads to the vasoconstriction of the pulmonary blood vessels ~~<sup>(2)</sup>~~. This vasoconstriction causes an increase in capillary pressure and in turn an increase in hydrostatic pressure <~~sup~~>(1)</~~sup~~>. The increase in capillary and hydrostatic pressure causes damage to capillary walls which leads to the edema. This negatively effects oxygen delivery as there is now an increased diffusion distance <~~sup~~>(2)</~~sup~~>.<br><u>Symptoms <~~sup~~>~~(3)~~</~~sup~~>:</u><br>The symptoms of HAPE include two or more of the following:<br>- Blue skin<br>- Trouble with breathing, even at rest<br>- Tightness of the chest<br>- Cough<br>- Tiredness and Weakness<br>- Rapid heart rate (tachycardia)<br>- Rapid shallow breathing		High altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is a life-threatening illness which occurs at high altitude. It develops from acute mountain sickness, more commonly known as altitude sickness <ref>Swapnil J. Paralikar, High Altitude Pulmonary Edema: Clinical features, pathophysiology, prevention and treatment. Indian Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 2012; 16(2): 59-62</ref>. At higher altitudes the air pressure decreases and so the oxygen atoms are more spread out in air, this means that with each breath less oxygen is breathed in. <br>High altitude pulmonary edema occurs at above 3000m due to people ascending in altitude too quickly without proper acclimatisation. It is caused by the alveoli in the lungs becoming hypoxic which leads to the vasoconstriction of the pulmonary blood vessels . This vasoconstriction causes an increase in capillary pressure and in turn an increase in hydrostatic pressure<ref>Swapnil J. Paralikar, High Altitude Pulmonary Edema: Clinical features, pathophysiology, prevention and treatment. Indian Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 2012; 16(2): 59-62</ref>. The increase in capillary and hydrostatic pressure causes damage to capillary walls which leads to the edema. This negatively effects oxygen delivery as there is now an increased diffusion distance <ref>Peter Bärtsch, Heimo Mairbäurl, Marco Maggiorini, Erik R. Swenson, Physiological aspects of high-altitude pulmonary edema. Journal of applied physiology, March 2005; 98(3):1101-1110</ref>.<br><u>Symptoms<ref>NHS, Altitude Sickness, Aphttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3617508/ril 2017, cited 21/10/2017</ref> :</u><br>The symptoms of HAPE include two or more of the following:<br>- Blue skin<br>- Trouble with breathing, even at rest<br>- Tightness of the chest<br>- Cough<br>- Tiredness and Weakness<br>- Rapid heart rate (tachycardia)<br>- Rapid shallow breathing

	<br>		<br>

	If an individual is experiencing these symptoms, they should either seek hyperbaric treatment, supplement oxygen or descend to a lower altitude as quickly as possible<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3617508/</ref><font></font>to prevent the development of HAPE to the more serious high altitude cerebral edema (HACE) <~~sup~~>(1)</~~sup~~>.		If an individual is experiencing these symptoms, they should either seek hyperbaric treatment, supplement oxygen or descend to a lower altitude as quickly as possible<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3617508/</ref><font></font>to prevent the development of HAPE to the more serious high altitude cerebral edema (HACE) <ref>Swapnil J. Paralikar, High Altitude Pulmonary Edema: Clinical features, pathophysiology, prevention and treatment. Indian Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 2012; 16(2): 59-62</ref>.

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	=== References: ===		=== References: ===

	=== <references /><br>1) Swapnil J. Paralikar, High Altitude Pulmonary Edema: Clinical features, pathophysiology, prevention and treatment. Indian Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 2012; 16(2): 59-62<br>2) Peter Bärtsch, Heimo Mairbäurl, Marco Maggiorini, Erik R. Swenson, Physiological aspects of high-altitude pulmonary edema. Journal of applied physiology, March 2005; 98(3):1101-1110<br>3) NHS, Altitude Sickness, Aphttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3617508/ril 2017, cited 21/10/2017 ===		=== <references /><br>1) Swapnil J. Paralikar, High Altitude Pulmonary Edema: Clinical features, pathophysiology, prevention and treatment. Indian Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 2012; 16(2): 59-62<br>2) Peter Bärtsch, Heimo Mairbäurl, Marco Maggiorini, Erik R. Swenson, Physiological aspects of high-altitude pulmonary edema. Journal of applied physiology, March 2005; 98(3):1101-1110<br>3) NHS, Altitude Sickness, Aphttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3617508/ril 2017, cited 21/10/2017 ===

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	If an individual is experiencing these symptoms, they should either seek hyperbaric treatment, supplement oxygen or descend to a lower altitude as quickly as possible~~<sup>~~<ref ~~name="4"~~>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3617508/</ref></~~sup~~> to prevent the development of HAPE to the more serious high altitude cerebral edema (HACE) <sup>(1)</sup>.		If an individual is experiencing these symptoms, they should either seek hyperbaric treatment, supplement oxygen or descend to a lower altitude as quickly as possible<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3617508/</ref><font></font>to prevent the development of HAPE to the more serious high altitude cerebral edema (HACE) <sup>(1)</sup>.

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	References:<br>1) Swapnil J. Paralikar, High Altitude Pulmonary Edema: Clinical features, pathophysiology, prevention and treatment. Indian Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 2012; 16(2): 59-62<br>2) Peter Bärtsch, Heimo Mairbäurl, Marco Maggiorini, Erik R. Swenson, Physiological aspects of high-altitude pulmonary edema. Journal of applied physiology, March 2005; 98(3):1101-1110<br>3) NHS, Altitude Sickness, Aphttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3617508/ril 2017, cited 21/10/2017		=== References: ===

			=== <references /><br>1) Swapnil J. Paralikar, High Altitude Pulmonary Edema: Clinical features, pathophysiology, prevention and treatment. Indian Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 2012; 16(2): 59-62<br>2) Peter Bärtsch, Heimo Mairbäurl, Marco Maggiorini, Erik R. Swenson, Physiological aspects of high-altitude pulmonary edema. Journal of applied physiology, March 2005; 98(3):1101-1110<br>3) NHS, Altitude Sickness, Aphttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3617508/ril 2017, cited 21/10/2017 ===

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	High altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is a life-threatening illness which occurs at high altitude. It develops from acute mountain sickness, more commonly known as altitude sickness <sup>(1)</sup>. At higher altitudes the air pressure decreases and so the oxygen atoms are more spread out in air, this means that with each breath less oxygen is breathed in. <br>High altitude pulmonary edema occurs at above 3000m due to people ascending in altitude too quickly without proper acclimatisation. It is caused by the alveoli in the lungs becoming hypoxic which leads to the vasoconstriction of the pulmonary blood vessels <sup>(2)</sup>. This vasoconstriction causes an increase in capillary pressure and in turn an increase in hydrostatic pressure <sup>(1)</sup>. The increase in capillary and hydrostatic pressure causes damage to capillary walls which leads to the edema. This negatively effects oxygen delivery as there is now an increased diffusion distance <sup>(2)</sup>.<br><u>Symptoms <sup>(3)</sup>:</u><br>The symptoms of HAPE include two or more of the following:<br>- Blue skin<br>- Trouble with breathing, even at rest<br>- Tightness of the chest<br>- Cough<br>- Tiredness and Weakness<br>- Rapid heart rate (tachycardia)<br>- Rapid shallow breathing		High altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is a life-threatening illness which occurs at high altitude. It develops from acute mountain sickness, more commonly known as altitude sickness <sup>(1)</sup>. At higher altitudes the air pressure decreases and so the oxygen atoms are more spread out in air, this means that with each breath less oxygen is breathed in. <br>High altitude pulmonary edema occurs at above 3000m due to people ascending in altitude too quickly without proper acclimatisation. It is caused by the alveoli in the lungs becoming hypoxic which leads to the vasoconstriction of the pulmonary blood vessels <sup>(2)</sup>. This vasoconstriction causes an increase in capillary pressure and in turn an increase in hydrostatic pressure <sup>(1)</sup>. The increase in capillary and hydrostatic pressure causes damage to capillary walls which leads to the edema. This negatively effects oxygen delivery as there is now an increased diffusion distance <sup>(2)</sup>.<br><u>Symptoms <sup>(3)</sup>:</u><br>The symptoms of HAPE include two or more of the following:<br>- Blue skin<br>- Trouble with breathing, even at rest<br>- Tightness of the chest<br>- Cough<br>- Tiredness and Weakness<br>- Rapid heart rate (tachycardia)<br>- Rapid shallow breathing

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			If an individual is experiencing these symptoms, they should either seek hyperbaric treatment, supplement oxygen or descend to a lower altitude as quickly as possible<sup><ref name="4">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3617508/</ref></sup> to prevent the development of HAPE to the more serious high altitude cerebral edema (HACE) <sup>(1)</sup>.

	~~If an individual is experiencing these symptoms, they should either seek hyperbaric treatment, supplement oxygen or descend to a lower altitude as quickly as possible~~<~~sup~~>~~<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3617508/</ref></sup> to prevent the development of HAPE to the more serious high altitude cerebral edema (HACE) <sup>(1)</sup>.~~		<br>



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	References:<br>1) Swapnil J. Paralikar, High Altitude Pulmonary Edema: Clinical features, pathophysiology, prevention and treatment. Indian Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 2012; 16(2): 59-62<br>2) Peter Bärtsch, Heimo Mairbäurl, Marco Maggiorini, Erik R. Swenson, Physiological aspects of high-altitude pulmonary edema. Journal of applied physiology, March 2005; 98(3):1101-1110<br>3) NHS, Altitude Sickness, Aphttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3617508/ril 2017, cited 21/10/2017		References:<br>1) Swapnil J. Paralikar, High Altitude Pulmonary Edema: Clinical features, pathophysiology, prevention and treatment. Indian Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 2012; 16(2): 59-62<br>2) Peter Bärtsch, Heimo Mairbäurl, Marco Maggiorini, Erik R. Swenson, Physiological aspects of high-altitude pulmonary edema. Journal of applied physiology, March 2005; 98(3):1101-1110<br>3) NHS, Altitude Sickness, Aphttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3617508/ril 2017, cited 21/10/2017

160330023 at 22:35, 23 October 2017

2017-10-23T22:35:25Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:35, 23 October 2017
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	High altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is a life-threatening illness which occurs at high altitude. It develops from acute mountain sickness, more commonly known as altitude sickness <sup>(1)</sup>. At higher altitudes the air pressure decreases and so the oxygen atoms are more spread out in air, this means that with each breath less oxygen is breathed in. <br>High altitude pulmonary edema occurs at above 3000m due to people ascending in altitude too quickly without proper acclimatisation. It is caused by the alveoli in the lungs becoming hypoxic which leads to the vasoconstriction of the pulmonary blood vessels <sup>(2)</sup>. This vasoconstriction causes an increase in capillary pressure and in turn an increase in hydrostatic pressure <sup>(1)</sup>. The increase in capillary and hydrostatic pressure causes damage to capillary walls which leads to the edema. This negatively effects oxygen delivery as there is now an increased diffusion distance <sup>(2)</sup>.<br><u>Symptoms <sup>(3)</sup>:</u><br>The symptoms of HAPE include two or more of the following:<br>- Blue skin<br>- Trouble with breathing, even at rest<br>- Tightness of the chest<br>- Cough<br>- Tiredness and Weakness<br>- Rapid heart rate (tachycardia)<br>- Rapid shallow breathing<br>If these symptoms should occur then the person should descend to a lower altitude as quickly as possible so to try and prevent the development of HAPE to the more serious high altitude cerebral edema (HACE) <sup>(1)</sup>.		High altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is a life-threatening illness which occurs at high altitude. It develops from acute mountain sickness, more commonly known as altitude sickness <sup>(1)</sup>. At higher altitudes the air pressure decreases and so the oxygen atoms are more spread out in air, this means that with each breath less oxygen is breathed in. <br>High altitude pulmonary edema occurs at above 3000m due to people ascending in altitude too quickly without proper acclimatisation. It is caused by the alveoli in the lungs becoming hypoxic which leads to the vasoconstriction of the pulmonary blood vessels <sup>(2)</sup>. This vasoconstriction causes an increase in capillary pressure and in turn an increase in hydrostatic pressure <sup>(1)</sup>. The increase in capillary and hydrostatic pressure causes damage to capillary walls which leads to the edema. This negatively effects oxygen delivery as there is now an increased diffusion distance <sup>(2)</sup>.<br><u>Symptoms <sup>(3)</sup>:</u><br>The symptoms of HAPE include two or more of the following:<br>- Blue skin<br>- Trouble with breathing, even at rest<br>- Tightness of the chest<br>- Cough<br>- Tiredness and Weakness<br>- Rapid heart rate (tachycardia)<br>- Rapid shallow breathing



			If an individual is experiencing these symptoms, they should either seek hyperbaric treatment, supplement oxygen or descend to a lower altitude as quickly as possible<sup><ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3617508/</ref></sup> to prevent the development of HAPE to the more serious high altitude cerebral edema (HACE) <sup>(1)</sup>.


	References:<br>1) Swapnil J. Paralikar, High Altitude Pulmonary Edema: Clinical features, pathophysiology, prevention and treatment. Indian Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 2012; 16(2): 59-62<br>2) Peter Bärtsch, Heimo Mairbäurl, Marco Maggiorini, Erik R. Swenson, Physiological aspects of high-altitude pulmonary edema. Journal of applied physiology, March 2005; 98(3):1101-1110<br>3) NHS, Altitude Sickness, ~~April~~ 2017, cited 21/10/2017~~<br>~~
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			References:<br>1) Swapnil J. Paralikar, High Altitude Pulmonary Edema: Clinical features, pathophysiology, prevention and treatment. Indian Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 2012; 16(2): 59-62<br>2) Peter Bärtsch, Heimo Mairbäurl, Marco Maggiorini, Erik R. Swenson, Physiological aspects of high-altitude pulmonary edema. Journal of applied physiology, March 2005; 98(3):1101-1110<br>3) NHS, Altitude Sickness, Aphttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3617508/ril 2017, cited 21/10/2017

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2017-10-23T21:17:46Z

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High altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is a life-threatening illness which occurs at high altitude. It develops from acute mountain sickness, more commonly known as altitude sickness (1). At higher altitudes the air pressure decreases and so the oxygen atoms are more spread out in air, this means that with each breath less oxygen is breathed in. High altitude pulmonary edema occurs at above 3000m due to people ascending in altitude too quickly without proper acclimatisation. It is caused by the alveoli in the lungs becoming hypoxic which leads to the vasoconstriction of the pulmonary blood vessels (2). This vasoconstriction causes an increase in capillary pressure and in turn an increase in hydrostatic pressure (1). The increase in capillary and hydrostatic pressure causes damage to capillary walls which leads to the edema. This negatively effects oxygen delivery as there is now an increased diffusion distance (2). Symptoms (3): The symptoms of HAPE include two or more of the following: - Blue skin - Trouble with breathing, even at rest - Tightness of the chest - Cough - Tiredness and Weakness - Rapid heart rate (tachycardia) - Rapid shallow breathing If these symptoms should occur then the person should descend to a lower altitude as quickly as possible so to try and prevent the development of HAPE to the more serious high altitude cerebral edema (HACE) (1).

References: 1) Swapnil J. Paralikar, High Altitude Pulmonary Edema: Clinical features, pathophysiology, prevention and treatment. Indian Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 2012; 16(2): 59-62 2) Peter Bärtsch, Heimo Mairbäurl, Marco Maggiorini, Erik R. Swenson, Physiological aspects of high-altitude pulmonary edema. Journal of applied physiology, March 2005; 98(3):1101-1110 3) NHS, Altitude Sickness, April 2017, cited 21/10/2017