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'''<u></u>'''<u>'''What are clinical trials?'''</u>'''<u></u>'''
=== What are clinical trials? ===


<br>  
Clinical trials are research studies designed to evaluate forms of healthcare interventions such as drugs in order to deem them safe and effective for human use <ref>National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, What are Clinical Trials?, n,d, [cited 22/10/17]; Available from https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/clinicaltrials</ref>.


'''<u></u>'''
=== History and the later implications  ===


Clinical trials are research studies designed to evalauate forms of health care interventions such as drugs in order to deem them safe and effective for human use&nbsp;<ref>National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, What are Clinical Trials?, n,d, [cited 22/10/17]; Available from https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/clinicaltrials</ref>  
The use of humans in clinical trials can be seen when the Nazi doctors carried out medical experimentation on prisoners of war during WW2. The subsequent trials of war criminals led to the Nuremberg Code, which was one of the first ethical guidelines in which researchers should follow. It has key 10 principles, these are <ref>Imarc, Natalie Jarmusik, Nuremberg Code (1947), 19/11/14, [cited 22/10/17]; Available from http://www.imarcresearch.com/blog/bid/359393/Nuremberg-Code-1947</ref>:


<u>'''History and the later implications'''</u><br>
#Voluntary consent is essential
#The research should be for the good of society as a whole
#Research should be based on previous knowledge e.g. animal studies
#Avoid unnecessary physical and mental suffering
#Research should be avoided if death will occur
#Risk should be assessed and should never exceed the benefits
#Should take place in adequate facilities
#Conducted by qualified personnel
#Withdrawal must be explained to participants
#Research should be halted following risk or injury


<br>
There are various randomisation techniques used to assign patients to groups. This can be a simple coin toss to the block method of assigning numbers to each possible combination of group or the use of stratified sampling based on e.g. gender, age, treatment location if the groups need to match in size or variability. There are many practical considerations when ensuring a clinical trial is unbiased such as blinding or double blinding and ensuring the allocation of groups is not done by anyone personally involved with the subjects of the trial.


The use of humans in clinical trials can be seen when the Nazi doctors carried out medical experimentation on prisoners of war during WW2. The subsequent trials of war criminals involved then led to the Nuremberg Code, which was the one of the first ethical guidlelines in which researchers should follow. It has key 10 principles, these are&nbsp;<ref>Imarc, Natalie Jarmusik, Nuremberg Code (1947), 19/11/14, [cited 22/10/17]; Available from http://www.imarcresearch.com/blog/bid/359393/Nuremberg-Code-1947</ref>:
=== References  ===


<br>
<references />
 
1. Voluntary consent is essential&nbsp;
 
2. The research should be for the good of society as a whole&nbsp;
 
3. Research should be based on previous knowledge e.g. animal studies
 
4. Avoid uncesscary physical and mental suffering&nbsp;
 
5. Research should be avoided if death will occur
 
6. Risk should be assessed and should never exceed the benefits
 
7. Should take place in adequate facilitties&nbsp;
 
8. Conducted by qualfied personel&nbsp;
 
9. Withdrawal must be explained to participants&nbsp;
 
10. Research should be halted following risk or injury
 
===  ===
 
There are various randomisation techniques used to assign patients to groups. This can be from a simple coin toss to the block method of assigning numbers to each possible combination of group or the use of stratified sampling based on e.g. gender, age, treatment location if the groups need to match in size or variability. There are many practical considerations when ensuring a clinical trial is unbiased such as blinding or double blinding and ensuring the allocation of groups is not done by anyone personally involved with the subjects of the trial.
 
== <u>References</u><br><u></u>  ==
 
=== <references /> ===

Revision as of 19:53, 23 October 2017

What are clinical trials?

Clinical trials are research studies designed to evaluate forms of healthcare interventions such as drugs in order to deem them safe and effective for human use [1].

History and the later implications

The use of humans in clinical trials can be seen when the Nazi doctors carried out medical experimentation on prisoners of war during WW2. The subsequent trials of war criminals led to the Nuremberg Code, which was one of the first ethical guidelines in which researchers should follow. It has key 10 principles, these are [2]:

  1. Voluntary consent is essential
  2. The research should be for the good of society as a whole
  3. Research should be based on previous knowledge e.g. animal studies
  4. Avoid unnecessary physical and mental suffering
  5. Research should be avoided if death will occur
  6. Risk should be assessed and should never exceed the benefits
  7. Should take place in adequate facilities
  8. Conducted by qualified personnel
  9. Withdrawal must be explained to participants
  10. Research should be halted following risk or injury

There are various randomisation techniques used to assign patients to groups. This can be a simple coin toss to the block method of assigning numbers to each possible combination of group or the use of stratified sampling based on e.g. gender, age, treatment location if the groups need to match in size or variability. There are many practical considerations when ensuring a clinical trial is unbiased such as blinding or double blinding and ensuring the allocation of groups is not done by anyone personally involved with the subjects of the trial.

References

  1. ↑ National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, What are Clinical Trials?, n,d, [cited 22/10/17]; Available from https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/clinicaltrials
  2. ↑ Imarc, Natalie Jarmusik, Nuremberg Code (1947), 19/11/14, [cited 22/10/17]; Available from http://www.imarcresearch.com/blog/bid/359393/Nuremberg-Code-1947
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