Gastrulation: Difference between revisions
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Gastrulation is a stage in early animal development marked by extensive cell migration<ref>Hartl, D. and Ruvolo, M. (2012) Genetics: Analysis of Genes and Genomes. pp 482-483 8th Edition. United States: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Inc.</ref>. When cells are reorganised in the gastrula they develop into distinct germ layers: the mesoderm, ectoderm and endoderm. Together they give the body the basis of its organs and create the external form of developing animals<ref>Solnica-Krezel, L. and Sepich, D. (2012) ‘Gastrulation: Making and Shaping Germ Layers’, Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, 28(1)</ref>. This positioning is controlled by morphogens, secreted proteins which determine differentiation and result in a change in the cell shape. <br> | Gastrulation is a stage in early animal development marked by extensive cell migration<ref>Hartl, D. and Ruvolo, M. (2012) Genetics: Analysis of Genes and Genomes. pp 482-483 8th Edition. United States: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Inc.</ref>. When cells are reorganised in the gastrula they develop into distinct germ layers: the mesoderm, ectoderm and endoderm. Together they give the body the basis of its organs and create the external form of developing animals<ref>Solnica-Krezel, L. and Sepich, D. (2012) ‘Gastrulation: Making and Shaping Germ Layers’, Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, 28(1)</ref>. This positioning is controlled by [[morphogens]], secreted proteins which determine differentiation and result in a change in the cell shape. <br> | ||
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== Ingression == | == Ingression == | ||
Mesodermal and endodermal cells move via the primitive streak, a hollow sphere of cells which forms early in development<ref>Hartl and Ruvolo, 2012, pp. 482–483</ref>. Cells move downwards and outwards as individual cells to form the middle layer. Prior to this, mesodermal and endodermals cells are stored in the epithelium<ref>Solnica-Krezel and Sepich, 2012, pp. 687–71</ref>. This process involves the [[Cytoskeleton]] due to the formation of the [[ | Mesodermal and endodermal cells move via the primitive streak, a hollow sphere of cells which forms early in development<ref>Hartl and Ruvolo, 2012, pp. 482–483</ref>. Cells move downwards and outwards as individual cells to form the middle layer. Prior to this, mesodermal and endodermals cells are stored in the epithelium<ref>Solnica-Krezel and Sepich, 2012, pp. 687–71</ref>. This process involves the [[Cytoskeleton|cytoskeleton]] due to the formation of the [[Intermediate filament|intermediate filament]] network and rearrangement of [[Microtubules|microtubules]] to radiate from a [[Centrosome|centrosome]].<ref>Thiery, J. P., Acloque, H., Huang, R. Y. J. and Nieto, A. (2009) ‘Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transitions in Development and Disease’, Cell, 139(5).</ref> | ||
== Epiboly == | |||
This is a thinning process whereby cell layers spread in the early embryo. Cells change the way they are arranged; this is achieved by [[radial intercalation]] where cell layers merge and cells intermix as they move away from the blastula<ref>Solnica-Krezel and Sepich, 2012, pp. 687–717</ref> . | |||
=== References === | === References === | ||
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Revision as of 10:45, 22 November 2014
Gastrulation is a stage in early animal development marked by extensive cell migration[1]. When cells are reorganised in the gastrula they develop into distinct germ layers: the mesoderm, ectoderm and endoderm. Together they give the body the basis of its organs and create the external form of developing animals[2]. This positioning is controlled by morphogens, secreted proteins which determine differentiation and result in a change in the cell shape.
Gastrulation can be divided into three main processes, which are morphogenetic and have been conserved evolutionarily: Ingression, Epiboly, and Convergence and Extension.
Ingression
Mesodermal and endodermal cells move via the primitive streak, a hollow sphere of cells which forms early in development[3]. Cells move downwards and outwards as individual cells to form the middle layer. Prior to this, mesodermal and endodermals cells are stored in the epithelium[4]. This process involves the cytoskeleton due to the formation of the intermediate filament network and rearrangement of microtubules to radiate from a centrosome.[5]
Epiboly
This is a thinning process whereby cell layers spread in the early embryo. Cells change the way they are arranged; this is achieved by radial intercalation where cell layers merge and cells intermix as they move away from the blastula[6] .
References
- ↑ Hartl, D. and Ruvolo, M. (2012) Genetics: Analysis of Genes and Genomes. pp 482-483 8th Edition. United States: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Inc.
- ↑ Solnica-Krezel, L. and Sepich, D. (2012) ‘Gastrulation: Making and Shaping Germ Layers’, Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, 28(1)
- ↑ Hartl and Ruvolo, 2012, pp. 482–483
- ↑ Solnica-Krezel and Sepich, 2012, pp. 687–71
- ↑ Thiery, J. P., Acloque, H., Huang, R. Y. J. and Nieto, A. (2009) ‘Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transitions in Development and Disease’, Cell, 139(5).
- ↑ Solnica-Krezel and Sepich, 2012, pp. 687–717