Monoclonal antibodies: Difference between revisions
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Monoclonal antibodies are identical [[ | Monoclonal antibodies are identical [[Antibodies|antibodies]] that recognise one specific [[Epitopes|epitope]]<ref>Goldsby RA, Kindt TJ, Osborne BA. Kuby Immunology. 4th Edition. 2000.</ref>. | ||
=== Production: === | === Production: === | ||
First an antigen is injected into a host organism (e.g. [[ | First an antigen is injected into a host organism (e.g. [[Rabbit|rabbit]] or [[Mouse|mouse]]). The hosts [[Immune system|immune system]] will the start to produce antibodies against the [[Antigen|antigen]]. To see if the desired antibody has been produced a [[Blood plasma|blood]] sample of the model organism is then taken-if positive the [[Spleen|spleen]] is removed<ref>Perry, et al. Producing Monoclonal Antibodies [Internet]. Sinauer Associates; 2002. Available from: http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/monoclonalantibodies.html</ref>. | ||
The B-cells in the spleen producing the antibodies are released by being placed in a certain medium. However the [[B-cells|B-cells]] are unable to survive outside of the host organism very well. To overcome this problem the B-cells are fused with [[Myeloma cells|Myeloma cells]] (a [[ | The B-cells in the spleen producing the antibodies are released by being placed in a certain medium. However the [[B-cells|B-cells]] are unable to survive outside of the host organism very well. To overcome this problem the B-cells are fused with [[Myeloma cells|Myeloma cells]] (a [[Malignant cancer|malignant cancer]]) producing [[Hybridoma cells|Hybridoma cells]] which can rapidly divide and continue to produce the antibodies<ref>Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Gatto Jr GJ, Stryer L. Biochemistry. 8th Edition. United States of America: W.H. Freeman and Company; 2015</ref>. The Hybridoma cells are individually separated out and grown in culture. The cultures will now contain identical cells all producing a single [[Immunoglobulin|immunoglobulin]] in each generation. All the antibodies produced in the culture are the same and are monoclonal antibodies<ref>Perry, et al. Producing Monoclonal Antibodies [Internet]. Sinauer Associates; 2002. Available from: http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/monoclonalantibodies.html</ref>. | ||
=== Uses: === | === Uses: === | ||
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==== Pregnancy testing: ==== | ==== Pregnancy testing: ==== | ||
Monoclonal antibodies bind to a specific [[ | Monoclonal antibodies bind to a specific [[Hormones|hormone]] ([[HCG|hCG]]) which is released after conception. The monoclonal antibody is usually coated in a substance which is able to change colour depending if the [[Antigen-antibody complex|antigen-antibody complex]] has been formed<ref>Unknown. The Immune System [Internet]. Wales: Biology Innovation. Available from: http://www.biology-innovation.co.uk/pages/human-biology/the-immune-system/</ref>.<br> | ||
==== Anticancer treatments: ==== | ==== Anticancer treatments: ==== | ||
Monoclonal antibodies can be made to specifically recognise cancer cells. Anticancer drugs can be bound to the antibody and released when the anitgen-antibody complex has formed. This allows the treatment to directly target the cancer cells and not harm the other healthy cells<ref>Unknown. The Immune System [Internet]. Wales: Biology Innovation. Available from: http://www.biology-innovation.co.uk/pages/human-biology/the-immune-system/</ref>. | Monoclonal antibodies can be made to specifically recognise cancer cells. Anticancer drugs can be bound to the antibody and released when the anitgen-antibody complex has formed. This allows the treatment to directly target the cancer cells and not harm the other healthy cells<ref>Unknown. The Immune System [Internet]. Wales: Biology Innovation. Available from: http://www.biology-innovation.co.uk/pages/human-biology/the-immune-system/</ref>. | ||
=== References<br> === | === References<br> === | ||
<references /> | <references /> | ||
Revision as of 21:55, 21 October 2017
Monoclonal antibodies are identical antibodies that recognise one specific epitope[1].
Production:
First an antigen is injected into a host organism (e.g. rabbit or mouse). The hosts immune system will the start to produce antibodies against the antigen. To see if the desired antibody has been produced a blood sample of the model organism is then taken-if positive the spleen is removed[2].
The B-cells in the spleen producing the antibodies are released by being placed in a certain medium. However the B-cells are unable to survive outside of the host organism very well. To overcome this problem the B-cells are fused with Myeloma cells (a malignant cancer) producing Hybridoma cells which can rapidly divide and continue to produce the antibodies[3]. The Hybridoma cells are individually separated out and grown in culture. The cultures will now contain identical cells all producing a single immunoglobulin in each generation. All the antibodies produced in the culture are the same and are monoclonal antibodies[4].
Uses:
Pregnancy testing:
Monoclonal antibodies bind to a specific hormone (hCG) which is released after conception. The monoclonal antibody is usually coated in a substance which is able to change colour depending if the antigen-antibody complex has been formed[5].
Anticancer treatments:
Monoclonal antibodies can be made to specifically recognise cancer cells. Anticancer drugs can be bound to the antibody and released when the anitgen-antibody complex has formed. This allows the treatment to directly target the cancer cells and not harm the other healthy cells[6].
References
- ↑ Goldsby RA, Kindt TJ, Osborne BA. Kuby Immunology. 4th Edition. 2000.
- ↑ Perry, et al. Producing Monoclonal Antibodies [Internet]. Sinauer Associates; 2002. Available from: http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/monoclonalantibodies.html
- ↑ Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Gatto Jr GJ, Stryer L. Biochemistry. 8th Edition. United States of America: W.H. Freeman and Company; 2015
- ↑ Perry, et al. Producing Monoclonal Antibodies [Internet]. Sinauer Associates; 2002. Available from: http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/monoclonalantibodies.html
- ↑ Unknown. The Immune System [Internet]. Wales: Biology Innovation. Available from: http://www.biology-innovation.co.uk/pages/human-biology/the-immune-system/
- ↑ Unknown. The Immune System [Internet]. Wales: Biology Innovation. Available from: http://www.biology-innovation.co.uk/pages/human-biology/the-immune-system/