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Smooth muscle (also known as visceral muscle due to the locations in which they are present<ref>Rodney R., (2002) Human Physiology, 6th Edition, Pacific Grove, California; London: Brooks/Cole</ref>) is one of the three main types of muscle tissue that exist in the human body <ref>Barrett K. E., Barman S. M., Botiano S., Brooks H. L. (2010) Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 23rd edition, New York: McGraw Hill</ref> . Smooth muscle is under involuntary control <ref>Koeppen B. M., Stanton B. A. (2008) Berne &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; Levy Physiology, 6th edition, Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier</ref> and lines the walls of hollow organs such as the bladder <ref>Silverthorn D. U., Johnson B. R., Ober W. C., Garrison C. W., Silverthorn A. C. (2010) Human Physiology, 5th edition, San Francisco: Pearson</ref> . Smooth muscle cells compose of [[Actin|actin]] and[[Myosin|myosin]] held together in contracile bundles.[[Intermediate filaments|Intermediate filaments]] exist between contractile bundles connecting them, and they are anchored by dense plaque-like bodies. <ref>. [Becker W.M, Kleinsmith L.J, Hardin J, Bertoni G.P, 2009, The World of the Cell, 7th edition, Pearson]</ref> | Smooth muscle (also known as visceral muscle due to the locations in which they are present<ref>Rodney R., (2002) Human Physiology, 6th Edition, Pacific Grove, California; London: Brooks/Cole</ref>) is one of the three main types of muscle tissue that exist in the human body <ref>Barrett K. E., Barman S. M., Botiano S., Brooks H. L. (2010) Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 23rd edition, New York: McGraw Hill</ref> . Smooth muscle is under involuntary control <ref>Koeppen B. M., Stanton B. A. (2008) Berne &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; Levy Physiology, 6th edition, Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier</ref> and lines the walls of hollow organs such as the bladder <ref>Silverthorn D. U., Johnson B. R., Ober W. C., Garrison C. W., Silverthorn A. C. (2010) Human Physiology, 5th edition, San Francisco: Pearson</ref> . Smooth muscle cells compose of [[Actin|actin]] and[[Myosin|myosin]] held together in contracile bundles.[[Intermediate filaments|Intermediate filaments]] exist between contractile bundles connecting them, and they are anchored by dense plaque-like bodies. <ref>. [Becker W.M, Kleinsmith L.J, Hardin J, Bertoni G.P, 2009, The World of the Cell, 7th edition, Pearson]</ref> The contractile filament bundles of [https://bms.ncl.ac.uk/wiki/index.php/Actin actin] and [https://bms.ncl.ac.uk/wiki/index.php/Myosin myosin] are loosely arranged in a diagonal fashion, in different directions around the perimeter of the smooth muscle cell. This arrangement of fibres causes the muscle cell to become globular upon contraction.<ref>Silverthorn.D. U (2009)Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 5th Edition, Cambridge, UK: Pearson</ref> | ||
There are two types of smooth muscle cell, multi- unit and single unit smooth muscle. Single-unit smooth muscle cells are connected by gap junctions that electrically connect cells to one another, so contract as a single unit. These can be found in the intestinal tract. Multi-unit cells lack gap junctions, so are not linked electrically. They must be stimulated independently, which allows fine control of contractions by selective activation of individual muscle cells. Multi-unit cells can be found in the eye <ref>Silverthorn D., Johnson B., Ober W., Garrison C., Silverthorn A. (2010) Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 5th edition, San Francisco: Pearson Education</ref>. | There are two types of smooth muscle cell, multi- unit and single unit smooth muscle. Single-unit smooth muscle cells are connected by gap junctions that electrically connect cells to one another, so contract as a single unit. These can be found in the intestinal tract. Multi-unit cells lack gap junctions, so are not linked electrically. They must be stimulated independently, which allows fine control of contractions by selective activation of individual muscle cells. Multi-unit cells can be found in the eye <ref>Silverthorn D., Johnson B., Ober W., Garrison C., Silverthorn A. (2010) Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 5th edition, San Francisco: Pearson Education</ref>. | ||
=== References === | === References === | ||
<references /> | <references /> | ||
Revision as of 22:53, 1 December 2011
Smooth muscle (also known as visceral muscle due to the locations in which they are present[1]) is one of the three main types of muscle tissue that exist in the human body [2] . Smooth muscle is under involuntary control [3] and lines the walls of hollow organs such as the bladder [4] . Smooth muscle cells compose of actin andmyosin held together in contracile bundles.Intermediate filaments exist between contractile bundles connecting them, and they are anchored by dense plaque-like bodies. [5] The contractile filament bundles of actin and myosin are loosely arranged in a diagonal fashion, in different directions around the perimeter of the smooth muscle cell. This arrangement of fibres causes the muscle cell to become globular upon contraction.[6]
There are two types of smooth muscle cell, multi- unit and single unit smooth muscle. Single-unit smooth muscle cells are connected by gap junctions that electrically connect cells to one another, so contract as a single unit. These can be found in the intestinal tract. Multi-unit cells lack gap junctions, so are not linked electrically. They must be stimulated independently, which allows fine control of contractions by selective activation of individual muscle cells. Multi-unit cells can be found in the eye [7].
References
- ↑ Rodney R., (2002) Human Physiology, 6th Edition, Pacific Grove, California; London: Brooks/Cole
- ↑ Barrett K. E., Barman S. M., Botiano S., Brooks H. L. (2010) Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 23rd edition, New York: McGraw Hill
- ↑ Koeppen B. M., Stanton B. A. (2008) Berne &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; Levy Physiology, 6th edition, Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier
- ↑ Silverthorn D. U., Johnson B. R., Ober W. C., Garrison C. W., Silverthorn A. C. (2010) Human Physiology, 5th edition, San Francisco: Pearson
- ↑ . [Becker W.M, Kleinsmith L.J, Hardin J, Bertoni G.P, 2009, The World of the Cell, 7th edition, Pearson]
- ↑ Silverthorn.D. U (2009)Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 5th Edition, Cambridge, UK: Pearson
- ↑ Silverthorn D., Johnson B., Ober W., Garrison C., Silverthorn A. (2010) Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 5th edition, San Francisco: Pearson Education