Parasympathic nervous system: Difference between revisions

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Parasympathic nervous system&nbsp;is one of the two major nervous systems&nbsp;under the the [[Autonomic_nervous_system|Autonomic nervous system]]. It has a ‘rest and repose’ effect on the targeted organs as compared to [[Sympathic nervous system|Sympathic nervous system]] <ref>Lakie, J., 2010. Oxford Dictionary of Biomedicine. 1st ed. New York: Oxford University Press Inc.</ref>. It mainly serves the s[[alivary gland|alivary gland]], thoracic and viscera, bladder and genitalia and plays a part in less vigorous activities<ref>Lakie, J., 2010. Oxford Dictionary of Biomedicine. 1st ed. New York: Oxford University Press Inc.</ref>.  
Parasympathic nervous system&nbsp;is one of the two major nervous systems&nbsp;under the the [[Autonomic nervous system|Autonomic nervous system]]. It has a ‘rest and repose’ effect on the targeted organs as compared to [[Sympathic nervous system|Sympathic nervous system]] <ref>Lakie, J., 2010. Oxford Dictionary of Biomedicine. 1st ed. New York: Oxford University Press Inc.</ref>. It mainly serves the s[[Alivary gland|alivary gland]], thoracic and viscera, bladder and genitalia and plays a part in less vigorous activities<ref>Lakie, J., 2010. Oxford Dictionary of Biomedicine. 1st ed. New York: Oxford University Press Inc.</ref>.  


=== '''Functions'''  ===
=== '''Functions'''  ===


Most of the time performs constriction in and secretion functions in several organs, except in the regulation of heart rate, which is constricted by the Sympathic nervous system. It is not involved in regulating the [[blood vessel|blood vessel]] and the brain. It maintains and returns the body to relatively stable internal environment.
Most of the time performs constriction in and secretion functions in several organs, except in the regulation of heart rate, which is constricted by the Sympathic nervous system. It is not involved in regulating the [[Blood vessel|blood vessel]] and the brain. It maintains and returns the body to relatively stable internal environment.  


=== Structure  ===
=== Structure  ===


[[Preganglionic neurons|Preganglionic neurons]] are located in the gray matter and its dendrites being distanced far away from the [[Central_nervous_system|CNS]]. It synapses with one [[postganglionic neuron|postganglionic neuron]] in the [[peripheral ganglia|peripheral ganglia]] situated near or within the effector tissue. It is important to know that only one organ is affected by a Parasympathic neuron during signal transduction when a signal is transmitted from one preganglionic neuron to a postganglionic neuron that attaches itself to only one effector tissue in the organ. In contrast, Sympathic nervous system can have several effector.&nbsp;  
[[Preganglionic neurons|Preganglionic neurons]] are located in the gray matter and its dendrites being distanced far away from the [[Central nervous system|CNS]]. It synapses with one [[Postganglionic neuron|postganglionic neuron]] in the [[Peripheral ganglia|peripheral ganglia]] situated near or within the effector tissue. It is important to know that only one organ is affected by a Parasympathic neuron during signal transduction when a signal is transmitted from one preganglionic neuron to a postganglionic neuron that attaches itself to only one effector tissue in the organ. In contrast, Sympathic nervous system can have several effector.&nbsp;  


Preganglionic neurons contain nicotinic [[acetylcholine|acetylcholine]] [[ion channel receptor|ion channel receptors]] at and postganglionic neurons contain [[muscarinic acetylcholine G-protein|muscarinic acetylcholine G-protein]] receptors at their respective presynaptic terminals.  
Preganglionic neurons contain nicotinic [[Acetylcholine|acetylcholine]] [[Ion channel receptor|ion channel receptors]] at and postganglionic neurons contain [[Muscarinic acetylcholine G-protein|muscarinic acetylcholine G-protein]] receptors at their respective presynaptic terminals.  


=== Disease and Treatment  ===
=== Disease and Treatment  ===


A defective in the longest neuron in the system is most evident to account for a neuronal disease. This usually causes a 'stocking and glove' defect and parathsias in patients.&nbsp;Individuals with [[diabetes|diabetes]] are more prone to be affected.  
A defective in the longest neuron in the system is most evident to account for a neuronal disease. This usually causes a 'stocking and glove' defect and parathsias in patients.&nbsp;Individuals with [[Diabetes|diabetes]] are more prone to be affected.  


The most prominent accountable disease-causing factor is stress,&nbsp;which&nbsp;upsets&nbsp;the Parasympathic&nbsp;pathway, thus&nbsp;having an adverse effect on the overall&nbsp;metabolic system&nbsp;<ref>D’Alessio, P.A., Bisson, J.F, Bene, M.C. (2013). Anti-stress effects of d-Limonene and its metabolite perillyl alcohol. Rejuvenation Research [online], 16. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3099641/</ref>&nbsp;.  
The most prominent accountable disease-causing factor is stress,&nbsp;which&nbsp;upsets&nbsp;the Parasympathic&nbsp;pathway, thus&nbsp;having an adverse effect on the overall&nbsp;metabolic system&nbsp;<ref>D’Alessio, P.A., Bisson, J.F, Bene, M.C. (2013). Anti-stress effects of d-Limonene and its metabolite perillyl alcohol. Rejuvenation Research [online], 16. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3099641/</ref>&nbsp;.  


According to d'Alessio ''et al.'' (2013), it is known that d-Limonene is capable of counteracting the stress changes in Parasympathic pathway. The Parasympathic&nbsp;nervous system&nbsp;has the ability to respond to mechanisms that could lead stroke or brain damage. Despite the severity of the diseases, only a minute number of stroke cases can be treated. With minimal treatments in stroke&nbsp;patients, a further study in the neuroprotective mechanism is vital. From the research conducted by Cheyuo ''et al.'' (2011), neuroprotection could be attained by several approaches. Ideally a treatment which utilises mutiple drugs and with a less damaging and simplistic approach would be the most effective way to treat stroke patients. <br>
According to d'Alessio ''et al.'' (2013), it is known that d-Limonene is capable of counteracting the stress changes in Parasympathic pathway. The Parasympathic&nbsp;nervous system&nbsp;has the ability to respond to mechanisms that could lead stroke or brain damage. Despite the severity of the diseases, only a minute number of stroke cases can be treated. With minimal treatments in stroke&nbsp;patients, a further study in the neuroprotective mechanism is vital. From the research conducted by Cheyuo ''et al.'' (2011), neuroprotection could be attained by several approaches. Ideally a treatment which utilises mutiple drugs and with a less damaging and simplistic approach would be the most effective way to treat stroke patients.  
References ===


<references />
=== References ===
 
<references />  


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Revision as of 02:54, 21 October 2013

Parasympathic nervous system is one of the two major nervous systems under the the Autonomic nervous system. It has a ‘rest and repose’ effect on the targeted organs as compared to Sympathic nervous system [1]. It mainly serves the salivary gland, thoracic and viscera, bladder and genitalia and plays a part in less vigorous activities[2].

Functions

Most of the time performs constriction in and secretion functions in several organs, except in the regulation of heart rate, which is constricted by the Sympathic nervous system. It is not involved in regulating the blood vessel and the brain. It maintains and returns the body to relatively stable internal environment.

Structure

Preganglionic neurons are located in the gray matter and its dendrites being distanced far away from the CNS. It synapses with one postganglionic neuron in the peripheral ganglia situated near or within the effector tissue. It is important to know that only one organ is affected by a Parasympathic neuron during signal transduction when a signal is transmitted from one preganglionic neuron to a postganglionic neuron that attaches itself to only one effector tissue in the organ. In contrast, Sympathic nervous system can have several effector. 

Preganglionic neurons contain nicotinic acetylcholine ion channel receptors at and postganglionic neurons contain muscarinic acetylcholine G-protein receptors at their respective presynaptic terminals.

Disease and Treatment

A defective in the longest neuron in the system is most evident to account for a neuronal disease. This usually causes a 'stocking and glove' defect and parathsias in patients. Individuals with diabetes are more prone to be affected.

The most prominent accountable disease-causing factor is stress, which upsets the Parasympathic pathway, thus having an adverse effect on the overall metabolic system [3] .

According to d'Alessio et al. (2013), it is known that d-Limonene is capable of counteracting the stress changes in Parasympathic pathway. The Parasympathic nervous system has the ability to respond to mechanisms that could lead stroke or brain damage. Despite the severity of the diseases, only a minute number of stroke cases can be treated. With minimal treatments in stroke patients, a further study in the neuroprotective mechanism is vital. From the research conducted by Cheyuo et al. (2011), neuroprotection could be attained by several approaches. Ideally a treatment which utilises mutiple drugs and with a less damaging and simplistic approach would be the most effective way to treat stroke patients.

References

  1. ↑ Lakie, J., 2010. Oxford Dictionary of Biomedicine. 1st ed. New York: Oxford University Press Inc.
  2. ↑ Lakie, J., 2010. Oxford Dictionary of Biomedicine. 1st ed. New York: Oxford University Press Inc.
  3. ↑ D’Alessio, P.A., Bisson, J.F, Bene, M.C. (2013). Anti-stress effects of d-Limonene and its metabolite perillyl alcohol. Rejuvenation Research [online], 16. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3099641/

 

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