Parasympathic nervous system: Difference between revisions

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Parasympathic nervous system&nbsp;is one of the two major nervous systems&nbsp;under the the [[Autonomic nervous system|Autonomic nervous system]]. It has a ‘rest and repose’ effect on the targeted organs as compared to [[Sympathic nervous system|Sympathic nervous system]] <ref>Lakie, J., 2010. Oxford Dictionary of Biomedicine. 1st ed. New York: Oxford University Press Inc.</ref>. It mainly serves the s[[Alivary gland|alivary gland]], thoracic and viscera, bladder and genitalia and plays a part in less vigorous activities<ref>Lakie, J., 2010. Oxford Dictionary of Biomedicine. 1st ed. New York: Oxford University Press Inc.</ref>.  
'''This is not the final version since I am not able to link and add hyperlink to this page using my home computer. This will be completed by 5 pm 21st October.'''


=== '''Functions''' ===
'''Parasympathic nervous system''' (link) is one of the two major nervous systems under the the Autonomic nervous system(link). It has a ‘rest and repose’ effect on the targeted organs as compared to Sympathic(link) nervous system(1Ref.Dic). It mainly serves the salivary gland(link), thoracic and viscera, bladder and genitalia and plays a part in less vigorous activities(2Ref.Dic)(3Ref.BLU 351) .


Most of the time performs constriction in and secretion functions in several organs, except in the regulation of heart rate, which is constricted by the Sympathic nervous system. It is not involved in regulating the [[Blood vessel|blood vessel]] and the brain. It maintains and returns the body to relatively stable internal environment.  
<br>'''Functions'''<br>Most of the time, it performs constriction in and secretion functions in several organs, except in the regulation of heart rate, which is constricted by the Sympathic nervous system(4Ref.Pharm 27). It is not involved in regulating the blood vessel(link) and the brain. (5Ref.RD 274) It maintains and returns the body to relatively stable internal environment. (6Ref.RD 274) <br>


=== Structure ===
'''Structure'''<br>Preganglionic neurons(link) are located in the gray matter and its dendrites being distanced far away from the CNS(link). It synapses with one postganglionic neuron in the peripheral ganglia situated near or within the effector tissue. It is important to know that only one organ is affected by a Parasympathic neuron during signal transduction when a signal is transmitted from one preganglionic neuron to a postganglionic neuron that attaches itself to only one effector tissue in the organ. In contrast, Sympathic nervous system can have several effectors(7Ref.RD 267-8). <br>Preganglionic neurons contain nicotinic acetylcholine(link) ion channel(link) receptors at and Postganglionic neurons contain muscarinic acetylcholine(link) G-protein(link) receptors at their respective presynaptic terminals(link).


[[Preganglionic neurons|Preganglionic neurons]] are located in the gray matter and its dendrites being distanced far away from the [[Central nervous system|CNS]]. It synapses with one [[Postganglionic neuron|postganglionic neuron]] in the [[Peripheral ganglia|peripheral ganglia]] situated near or within the effector tissue. It is important to know that only one organ is affected by a Parasympathic neuron during signal transduction when a signal is transmitted from one preganglionic neuron to a postganglionic neuron that attaches itself to only one effector tissue in the organ. In contrast, Sympathic nervous system can have several effector.&nbsp;
<br>'''Disease and Treatment <br>'''A defective in the longest neuron in the system is most evident to account for a neuronal disease(8Ref.BLU 288). This usually causes a 'stocking and glove' defect and parathsias in patients. Individuals with diabetes(link) are more prone to be affected. <br>The most prominent accountable disease-causing factor is stress, which upsets the Parasympathic pathway, thus having an adverse effect on the overall metabolic system(9Ref.RD 269) (Ref.Pubmed2) .


Preganglionic neurons contain nicotinic [[Acetylcholine|acetylcholine]] [[Ion channel receptor|ion channel receptors]] at and postganglionic neurons contain [[Muscarinic acetylcholine G-protein|muscarinic acetylcholine G-protein]] receptors at their respective presynaptic terminals.  
<br>According to d'Alessio et al. (2013), it is known that d-Limonene is capable of counteracting the stress changes in Parasympathic pathway(Ref.PubMed1). The Parasympathic nervous system has the ability to respond to mechanisms that could lead stroke or brain damage. Despite the severity of the diseases, only a minute number of stroke cases can be treated. With minimal treatments in stroke patients, a further study in the neuroprotective mechanism is vital. From the research conducted by Cheyuo et al. (2011), neuroprotection could be attained by several approaches. Ideally a treatment which utilises mutiple drugs and with a less damaging and simplistic approach would be the most effective way to treat stroke patients(Ref.Pubmed2). <br>


=== Disease and Treatment  ===
1Ref.Dic 2Ref.Dic<br>Lakie, J., 2010. Oxford Dictionary of Biomedicine. 1st ed. New York: Oxford University Press Inc.<br>3Ref.BLU 351 8Ref.BLU 288<br>Boron,W.F. and Boulpaep, E.L., 2012. Medical Physiology: A Cellular Approach and Molecular Approach, 4th ed. Philadelphia: Elselvier<br>4Ref.Pharm 27 <br>Dale, M.M. and Haylette, D.G., 2009. Pharmacology Condensed. 2nd ed. China: Elsevier<br>5Ref.RD 274 6Ref.RD 274 7Ref.RD 267-8 9Ref.RD 269<br>Patton, K.T. and Thibodeu, G.A, 2010. The Human Body in Health &amp; Disease. 5th ed. Missouri: Elsevier<br>Ref.PubMed1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24125633<br>Cheyuo, C., Jacob, A., Wu, R.Q., Zhou, M., Coppa, G.F., Wang, P. (2011). The Parasympathic Nervous System in the Quest for Stroke Therapeutics. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow &amp; Metabolism [online], 31(5): 1187-1195. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3099641/ [Accessed 21 Oct 2013].<br>Ref.Pubmed2 <br>D’Alessio, P.A., Bisson, J.F, Bene, M.C. (2013). Anti-stress effects of d-Limonene and its metabolite perillyl alcohol. Rejuvenation Research [online], 16. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3099641/


A defective in the longest neuron in the system is most evident to account for a neuronal disease. This usually causes a 'stocking and glove' defect and parathsias in patients.&nbsp;Individuals with [[Diabetes|diabetes]] are more prone to be affected.
'''References: '''<br>
 
The most prominent accountable disease-causing factor is stress,&nbsp;which&nbsp;upsets&nbsp;the Parasympathic&nbsp;pathway, thus&nbsp;having an adverse effect on the overall&nbsp;metabolic system&nbsp;<ref>D’Alessio, P.A., Bisson, J.F, Bene, M.C. (2013). Anti-stress effects of d-Limonene and its metabolite perillyl alcohol. Rejuvenation Research [online], 16. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3099641/</ref>&nbsp;.
 
According to d'Alessio ''et al.'' (2013), it is known that d-Limonene is capable of counteracting the stress changes in Parasympathic pathway. The Parasympathic&nbsp;nervous system&nbsp;has the ability to respond to mechanisms that could lead stroke or brain damage. Despite the severity of the diseases, only a minute number of stroke cases can be treated. With minimal treatments in stroke&nbsp;patients, a further study in the neuroprotective mechanism is vital. From the research conducted by Cheyuo ''et al.'' (2011), neuroprotection could be attained by several approaches. Ideally a treatment which utilises mutiple drugs and with a less damaging and simplistic approach would be the most effective way to treat stroke patients.
 
=== References ===
 
<references />  
 
&nbsp;

Revision as of 11:12, 21 October 2013

This is not the final version since I am not able to link and add hyperlink to this page using my home computer. This will be completed by 5 pm 21st October.

Parasympathic nervous system (link) is one of the two major nervous systems under the the Autonomic nervous system(link). It has a ‘rest and repose’ effect on the targeted organs as compared to Sympathic(link) nervous system(1Ref.Dic). It mainly serves the salivary gland(link), thoracic and viscera, bladder and genitalia and plays a part in less vigorous activities(2Ref.Dic)(3Ref.BLU 351) .


Functions
Most of the time, it performs constriction in and secretion functions in several organs, except in the regulation of heart rate, which is constricted by the Sympathic nervous system(4Ref.Pharm 27). It is not involved in regulating the blood vessel(link) and the brain. (5Ref.RD 274) It maintains and returns the body to relatively stable internal environment. (6Ref.RD 274)

Structure
Preganglionic neurons(link) are located in the gray matter and its dendrites being distanced far away from the CNS(link). It synapses with one postganglionic neuron in the peripheral ganglia situated near or within the effector tissue. It is important to know that only one organ is affected by a Parasympathic neuron during signal transduction when a signal is transmitted from one preganglionic neuron to a postganglionic neuron that attaches itself to only one effector tissue in the organ. In contrast, Sympathic nervous system can have several effectors(7Ref.RD 267-8).
Preganglionic neurons contain nicotinic acetylcholine(link) ion channel(link) receptors at and Postganglionic neurons contain muscarinic acetylcholine(link) G-protein(link) receptors at their respective presynaptic terminals(link).


Disease and Treatment
A defective in the longest neuron in the system is most evident to account for a neuronal disease(8Ref.BLU 288). This usually causes a 'stocking and glove' defect and parathsias in patients. Individuals with diabetes(link) are more prone to be affected.
The most prominent accountable disease-causing factor is stress, which upsets the Parasympathic pathway, thus having an adverse effect on the overall metabolic system(9Ref.RD 269) (Ref.Pubmed2) .


According to d'Alessio et al. (2013), it is known that d-Limonene is capable of counteracting the stress changes in Parasympathic pathway(Ref.PubMed1). The Parasympathic nervous system has the ability to respond to mechanisms that could lead stroke or brain damage. Despite the severity of the diseases, only a minute number of stroke cases can be treated. With minimal treatments in stroke patients, a further study in the neuroprotective mechanism is vital. From the research conducted by Cheyuo et al. (2011), neuroprotection could be attained by several approaches. Ideally a treatment which utilises mutiple drugs and with a less damaging and simplistic approach would be the most effective way to treat stroke patients(Ref.Pubmed2).

1Ref.Dic 2Ref.Dic
Lakie, J., 2010. Oxford Dictionary of Biomedicine. 1st ed. New York: Oxford University Press Inc.
3Ref.BLU 351 8Ref.BLU 288
Boron,W.F. and Boulpaep, E.L., 2012. Medical Physiology: A Cellular Approach and Molecular Approach, 4th ed. Philadelphia: Elselvier
4Ref.Pharm 27
Dale, M.M. and Haylette, D.G., 2009. Pharmacology Condensed. 2nd ed. China: Elsevier
5Ref.RD 274 6Ref.RD 274 7Ref.RD 267-8 9Ref.RD 269
Patton, K.T. and Thibodeu, G.A, 2010. The Human Body in Health & Disease. 5th ed. Missouri: Elsevier
Ref.PubMed1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24125633
Cheyuo, C., Jacob, A., Wu, R.Q., Zhou, M., Coppa, G.F., Wang, P. (2011). The Parasympathic Nervous System in the Quest for Stroke Therapeutics. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism [online], 31(5): 1187-1195. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3099641/ [Accessed 21 Oct 2013].
Ref.Pubmed2
D’Alessio, P.A., Bisson, J.F, Bene, M.C. (2013). Anti-stress effects of d-Limonene and its metabolite perillyl alcohol. Rejuvenation Research [online], 16. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3099641/

References:

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