Extremophiles

 Extremophiles are organisms with the ability to thrive in extreme conditions (from a human perspective) such as: deep ocean hydroothermal vents^[1]. 

They are mostly prokaryotic.

Extremophiles can be divided into sub-groups relating to environmental conditions in which they grow optimally^[2]:

acidophilic	optimal growth in acidic conditions (pH 1-5)
alkaliphilic	optimal growth alkaline conditions (pH>9)
halophilic	environments with high salt concentration
thermophilic	optimal growth between 60-80 degrees celsius
hyperthermophilic	optimal growth above 80 degrees celsius
psychrophilic	optimal growth at 15 degrees celsius or lower
piezophilic/barophilic	optimal growth highhydrostatic pressure
xerophilic	growth in dry conditions with low water availabilty
oligotrophic	growth in nutritionally limited environments
endolithic	growth in rocks or pores in mineral grains

some extremophiles have multiple adaptions. e.g. thermoacidophiles  

Future advances

extromophiles have extremozymes which are the enzymes that enable the organism to live in harsh conditions. This could influence: genetically based medications and industrial chemicals and processes^[3].  

References 

1. ↑ NOAA 10/10/17 https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/extremophile.html
2. ↑ https://www.britannica.com/science/extremophile
3. ↑ NOAA 10/10/17 https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/extremophile.html