Nernst Equation
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[oxi] is the concentration of [[Ion|ion]] that lost [[Electrons|electrons]] ([[Oxidation|oxidation]])<br> | [oxi] is the concentration of [[Ion|ion]] that lost [[Electrons|electrons]] ([[Oxidation|oxidation]])<br> | ||
| − | == Membrane | + | == Membrane potential<br> == |
| − | ''Main article: ''[[Membrane Potential]] | + | ''Main article: ''[[Membrane Potential|Membrane potential]] |
Nernst equation is also can be used to calculate the potential of an [[Ion|ion]] across the membrane. For potential difference of a membrane, we can manipulate the Nernst Equation as follows:<br> | Nernst equation is also can be used to calculate the potential of an [[Ion|ion]] across the membrane. For potential difference of a membrane, we can manipulate the Nernst Equation as follows:<br> | ||
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[A<sup>-</sup>] is the concentration of ion outside the membrane (in this case is anion, negative charge ion)<br> | [A<sup>-</sup>] is the concentration of ion outside the membrane (in this case is anion, negative charge ion)<br> | ||
| − | [A<sup>-</sup>] is the concentration of ion inside the membrane (in this case is anion, negative charge ion) | + | [A<sup>-</sup>] is the concentration of ion inside the membrane (in this case is anion, negative charge ion) |
== Application == | == Application == | ||
| − | === Ussing | + | === Ussing study of frog skin === |
In biochemistry, Nernst equation can be used to calculate the potential difference of ion between membranes. Hans H. Ussing, a Danish scientist, used a frog skin to measure the potential difference of sodium and potassium ions across the membranes with his famous invention, the Ussing chamber.<br> | In biochemistry, Nernst equation can be used to calculate the potential difference of ion between membranes. Hans H. Ussing, a Danish scientist, used a frog skin to measure the potential difference of sodium and potassium ions across the membranes with his famous invention, the Ussing chamber.<br> | ||
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[[Image:Nernst equation4.png]] | [[Image:Nernst equation4.png]] | ||
| + | <br> | ||
| + | === Goldman equation === | ||
| − | + | ''Main article:'' [[Goldman equation]] | |
| − | + | In presence of more than one ion, the Nernst equation can be modified into Hodgkin-Katz-Goldman equation or is commonly known as Goldman equation. Goldman equation is proposed by David E. Goldman of Columbia University together with Alan L. Hodgkin and Bernard Katz. | |
| − | + | ||
| − | In presence of more than one ion, the Nernst equation can be modified into Hodgkin-Katz-Goldman equation or is commonly known as Goldman equation. Goldman equation is proposed by David E. Goldman of Columbia University together with Alan L. Hodgkin and Bernard Katz. | + | |
== See also == | == See also == | ||
Revision as of 15:04, 15 November 2010
Nernst Equation is an equation used to calculate the electrical potential of a chemical reaction. In its equilibrium state, the Nernst equation should be zero. It also shows the direct relation between energy or potential of a cell and its participating ions. The equation is proposed by a German chemist, Walther H. Nernst (1864-1941).[1]
Contents |
Equation
Nernst equation can be expressed as follows:
where
Ecell is the half-cell potential difference
Eθcell is the standard half-cell potential
R is the universal gas constant; R = 8.314471 J K-1 mol-1
T is the thermodynamics temperature, in Kelvin; 0 K = -273.15oC
z is the number of moles of electrons transferred between cells (defined by the valency of ions)
F is the Faraday's constant; F = 96,485.3415 C mol-1
[red] is the concentration of ion that gained electrons (reduction)
[oxi] is the concentration of ion that lost electrons (oxidation)
Membrane potential
Main article: Membrane potential
Nernst equation is also can be used to calculate the potential of an ion across the membrane. For potential difference of a membrane, we can manipulate the Nernst Equation as follows:
or
where
Em is the potential difference of an ion between membranes
R is the universal gas constant; R = 8.314471 J mol-1
T is the thermodynamics temperature, in Kelvin; 0 K = -273.15oC
z is the number of moles of electrons transferred between membranes (defined by the valency of ion)
F is the Faraday's constant; F = 96,485.3415 C mol-1
[A-] is the concentration of ion outside the membrane (in this case is anion, negative charge ion)
[A-] is the concentration of ion inside the membrane (in this case is anion, negative charge ion)
Application
Ussing study of frog skin
In biochemistry, Nernst equation can be used to calculate the potential difference of ion between membranes. Hans H. Ussing, a Danish scientist, used a frog skin to measure the potential difference of sodium and potassium ions across the membranes with his famous invention, the Ussing chamber.
[2]Ussing model of transepithelial ions absorption.
For example at the standard condition and temperature of 25oC (298K), the above sodium ion membrane potential can be calculated as:
Goldman equation
Main article: Goldman equation
In presence of more than one ion, the Nernst equation can be modified into Hodgkin-Katz-Goldman equation or is commonly known as Goldman equation. Goldman equation is proposed by David E. Goldman of Columbia University together with Alan L. Hodgkin and Bernard Katz.
See also
References & Notes
- ↑ http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1920/nernst-bio.html, The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1920; Walther Nernst
- ↑ Diagram based on CMB2003: Cell and Membrane Transport lecture note (2010).
