View source for Fumarate

Fumarate is a four carbon compound involved in the [[Citric acid cycle|citric acid cycle]] which takes place in the [[Mitochondria|mitochondria]] during [[Aerobic respiration|aerobic respiration]]. It is formed by the oxidation of [[Succinate|succinate]]&nbsp;which is catalysed by&nbsp;[[Succinate dehydrogenase|succinate dehydrogenase]] along with the help of [[FAD|FAD]]&nbsp;which accepts the hydrogens released to form [[FADH2|FADH<sub>2</sub>]]. FAD is used as the hydrogen acceptor instead of [[NAD+|NAD]]<sup>[[NAD+|+]] </sup>because the free energy change is insufficent to reduce NAD<sup>+<ref>Berg, Jeremy M., John L. Tymoczko, and Lubert Stryer. "The Citric Acid Cycle Oxidizes Two-Carbon Units." Biochemistry. Seventh ed. New York: W.H. Freeman, 2012. 527. Print.</ref></sup>. Fumarate then goes on to form L-malate. This occurs by the hydration of fumarate by fumarase. Fumarase achieves this by the addition of both H<sup>+</sup> and OH<sup>-</sup>, this is known as stereospecific trans addition<ref>Berg, Jeremy M., John L. Tymoczko, and Lubert Stryer. "The Citric Acid Cycle Oxidizes Two-Carbon Units." Biochemistry. Seventh ed. New York: W.H. Freeman, 2012. 528. Print.</ref>.&nbsp; 

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