G-protein Coupled Receptor: Difference between revisions
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The G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) is a [[Seven|seven]] [[Transmembrane|transmembrane]] spanning [[Receptor|receptor]] that interacts with [[Heterotrimeric G-proteins|G-protein]] in the process of [[Cell signalling|cell signalling]]. It constitutes along with [[Ion-channel-coupled receptor|ion-channel-coupled receptors]] and [[Enzyme-coupled Receptor|enzyme-coupled receptors]] a major class of cell surface-receptor<ref>Alberts, et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 5th ed. Garland Science. 2008</ref>. | The G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) is a [[Seven|seven]] [[Transmembrane|transmembrane]] spanning [[Receptor|receptor]] that interacts with [[Heterotrimeric G-proteins|G-protein]] in the process of [[Cell signalling|cell signalling]]. It constitutes along with [[Ion-channel-coupled receptor|ion-channel-coupled receptors]] and [[Enzyme-coupled Receptor|enzyme-coupled receptors]] a major class of cell surface-receptor<ref>Alberts, et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 5th ed. Garland Science. 2008</ref>. | ||
= Classification<br> = | = Classification<br> = | ||
Over 800 G-protein-coupled receptors have been identified (more than half of them being [[Olfactory receptor|olfactory receptors]]) and phylogenetic studies carried out<ref>Fredriksson R, Lagerström MC, Lundin LG, Schiöth HB. The G-protein-coupled receptors in the human genome form five main families. Phylogenetic analysis, paralogon groups, and fingerprints.Mol Pharmacol. 2003 Jun;63(6):1256-72.</ref>. From these studies the GPCRs can be classified in five main families: | Over 800 G-protein-coupled receptors have been identified (more than half of them being [[Olfactory receptor|olfactory receptors]]) and phylogenetic studies carried out<ref>Fredriksson R, Lagerström MC, Lundin LG, Schiöth HB. The G-protein-coupled receptors in the human genome form five main families. Phylogenetic analysis, paralogon groups, and fingerprints.Mol Pharmacol. 2003 Jun;63(6):1256-72.</ref>. From these studies the GPCRs can be classified in five main families: | ||
*'''The rhodopsin receptor family''' of receptors structurally similar to [[Rhodopsin|rhodopsin]], contains the largest number of receptors, including all the olfactory ones. Other members of this family include the [[Adrenergic receptor|adrenergic receptors]], [[Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor|muscarinic acetylcholine receptors ]](mAChRs), [[Glycoprotein-hormone receptor|glycoprotein-hormone receptors]], [[Serotonin|serotonine receptors]] (except the ionotropic 5-HT<sub>3</sub> receptor), [[Prostaglandin|prostaglandin receptors]], [[Thrombin|thrombin receptor]], etc.<br> | *'''The rhodopsin receptor family''' of receptors structurally similar to [[Rhodopsin|rhodopsin]], contains the largest number of receptors, including all the olfactory ones. Other members of this family include the [[Adrenergic receptor|adrenergic receptors]], [[Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor|muscarinic acetylcholine receptors ]](mAChRs), [[Glycoprotein-hormone receptor|glycoprotein-hormone receptors]], [[Serotonin|serotonine receptors]] (except the ionotropic 5-HT<sub>3</sub> receptor), [[Prostaglandin|prostaglandin receptors]], [[Thrombin|thrombin receptor]], etc.<br> | ||
*'''The glutamate receptor family '''includes the [[Glutamate|glutamate]] metabotropic receptors, and GABA<sub>B</sub> receptors.<br> | *'''The glutamate receptor family '''includes the [[Glutamate|glutamate]] metabotropic receptors, and GABA<sub>B</sub> receptors.<br> | ||
*'''The secetrin receptor family''' with the receptor for the peptide hormone [[Secretine|secretine]] as a prototype, it also includes the receptor for [[Glucagon|glucagon]], [[Calcitonin|calcitonin]] and [[Parathyroid hormone|parathyroid hormone]].<br> | *'''The secetrin receptor family''' with the receptor for the peptide hormone [[Secretine|secretine]] as a prototype, it also includes the receptor for [[Glucagon|glucagon]], [[Calcitonin|calcitonin]] and [[Parathyroid hormone|parathyroid hormone]].<br> | ||
*'''The adhesion receptor family''' characterized by the presence of motifs in the N-terminus that are likely to be related to cell adhesion. <br> | *'''The adhesion receptor family''' characterized by the presence of motifs in the N-terminus that are likely to be related to cell adhesion. <br> | ||
*'''The Frizzled/Taste2 receptor family''' includes receptors important for development (frizzled branch) and the taste receptors (TAS2 branch).<br> | *'''The Frizzled/Taste2 receptor family''' includes receptors important for development (frizzled branch) and the taste receptors (TAS2 branch).<br> | ||
= Structure = | = Structure = | ||
Along with the seven transmembrane core structure, the G Protein Coupled Receptor often have large receptor domains in the N-terminus on the extracellular side of the plasma membrane. Binding of a signal molecule to this receptor domain (or indeed the extracellular part of the transmembrane domains) cause a conformational change in the transmembrane domain and intracellular C-terminus. This triggers the action of a [[G-proteins|G-protein]] which binds guanyl nucleotides. <ref>Berg, JM, Biochemistry, 6th Edition (2007), WH Freeman and Company, New York</ref> | Along with the seven transmembrane core structure, the G Protein Coupled Receptor often have large receptor domains in the N-terminus on the extracellular side of the plasma membrane. Binding of a signal molecule to this receptor domain (or indeed the extracellular part of the transmembrane domains) cause a conformational change in the transmembrane domain and intracellular C-terminus. This triggers the action of a [[G-proteins|G-protein]] which binds guanyl nucleotides. <ref>Berg, JM, Biochemistry, 6th Edition (2007), WH Freeman and Company, New York</ref> | ||
G proteins are made of 3 subunits: | |||
Gα, Gβ and Gγ. Gα subunit has a an enjymic activity, which catalyzes the reaction of [[GDP|GDP]] to[[GTP|GTP]]. The Gβ and the Gγ subunits stay together as a βγ-complex. All the three subunits remain in the plasma membrane that are connected with a fatty acid chain which is coupled to the [[G-proteins|G-protein]] though a reaction, called [[prenylation|prenylation]].<br> | |||
= <br> = | |||
= References = | = References = | ||
<references /> | <references /> | ||
Revision as of 08:24, 26 November 2010
The G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) is a seven transmembrane spanning receptor that interacts with G-protein in the process of cell signalling. It constitutes along with ion-channel-coupled receptors and enzyme-coupled receptors a major class of cell surface-receptor[1].
Classification
Over 800 G-protein-coupled receptors have been identified (more than half of them being olfactory receptors) and phylogenetic studies carried out[2]. From these studies the GPCRs can be classified in five main families:
- The rhodopsin receptor family of receptors structurally similar to rhodopsin, contains the largest number of receptors, including all the olfactory ones. Other members of this family include the adrenergic receptors, muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs), glycoprotein-hormone receptors, serotonine receptors (except the ionotropic 5-HT3 receptor), prostaglandin receptors, thrombin receptor, etc.
- The glutamate receptor family includes the glutamate metabotropic receptors, and GABAB receptors.
- The secetrin receptor family with the receptor for the peptide hormone secretine as a prototype, it also includes the receptor for glucagon, calcitonin and parathyroid hormone.
- The adhesion receptor family characterized by the presence of motifs in the N-terminus that are likely to be related to cell adhesion.
- The Frizzled/Taste2 receptor family includes receptors important for development (frizzled branch) and the taste receptors (TAS2 branch).
Structure
Along with the seven transmembrane core structure, the G Protein Coupled Receptor often have large receptor domains in the N-terminus on the extracellular side of the plasma membrane. Binding of a signal molecule to this receptor domain (or indeed the extracellular part of the transmembrane domains) cause a conformational change in the transmembrane domain and intracellular C-terminus. This triggers the action of a G-protein which binds guanyl nucleotides. [3]
G proteins are made of 3 subunits:
Gα, Gβ and Gγ. Gα subunit has a an enjymic activity, which catalyzes the reaction of GDP toGTP. The Gβ and the Gγ subunits stay together as a βγ-complex. All the three subunits remain in the plasma membrane that are connected with a fatty acid chain which is coupled to the G-protein though a reaction, called prenylation.
References
- ↑ Alberts, et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 5th ed. Garland Science. 2008
- ↑ Fredriksson R, Lagerström MC, Lundin LG, Schiöth HB. The G-protein-coupled receptors in the human genome form five main families. Phylogenetic analysis, paralogon groups, and fingerprints.Mol Pharmacol. 2003 Jun;63(6):1256-72.
- ↑ Berg, JM, Biochemistry, 6th Edition (2007), WH Freeman and Company, New York