Prokaryotes: Difference between revisions
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Prokaryotes are organisms defined by their lack of membrane-bound organelles. The origin of the word prokaryote comes from the Greek "''pro", ''meaning before, and "''karyon''" which means nucleus or ''"kernel". '' Prokaryotes lack a [[Nucleus|nucleus]] to store [[DNA|DNA]]. Their [[DNA|DNA]] is instead found in a circular form within the [[Cytoplasm|cytoplasm]]. The DNA in prokaryotes is naked DNA. Prokaryotes have [[Cell wall|cell walls which]] are a network of fibres that provides the cell with strength and rigidity. This network in the cell wall allows the cell to be freely permeable. These differ from eukaryotes which have a [[Nucleus|nucleus]] containing genetic information ([[DNA|DNA]]). Most prokaryotes are unicellular (single cells) but there are some that have life cycles with multicellular stages. [[Bacteria|Bacteria]] (such as ''[[Escherichia coli|Escherichia coli]]'')'','' [[Archaea|archaea]] and cyanobacteria are prokaryotes <ref>Alberts B., Johnson A., Lewis J., Raff M., Roberts K., Walter P., (2008), Molecular Biology of The Cell, Fifth Edition, New York: Garland Science, Taylor and Francis Group, p14.</ref>. The prokaryotes typically have an average cell diameter ranging between 0.5-5µm. The prokaryotes have slightly smaller [[Ribosome|ribosomes]], 70S ( about 18nm diameter) as compared to [[Eukaryotes|eukaryotes]], 80S (about 22nm diameter). No [[Endoplasmic Reticulum|endoplasmic reticulum]] , [[Mitochondria|mitochondria]] and [[Chloroplasts|chloroplasts]] are present in a prokaryote cell. Prokaryote cells move with the help of [[Flagella|flagella]] or [[Cilia|cilia]] made of flagellin. Prokaryotes breed through asexual reproduction, usually either by budding or binary fission (simple division) <ref>Jones M., Fosbery R., Taylor D., Gregory J., (2008), Biology, Second Edition, Oxford: Cambridge University Press, p17-18.</ref>. Most prokaryote cells are small and simple in their outward appearance which are typically spherical or rod-shaped<ref>Alberts B., Johnson A., Lewis J., Raff M., Roberts K., Walter P., (2008), Molecular Biology of The Cell, Fifth Edition, New York: Garland Science,Taylor and Francis Group, p14.</ref><ref>Jones M., Fosbery R., Taylor D., Gregory J., (2008), Biology, Second Edition, Oxford: Cambridge University Press, p17-18.</ref>. | |||
=== Prokaryotes In Biomedical Research === | |||
One of the most known bacteria used in research is Escherichia Coli, which can be found in soil and in animal intestines. This organism is considered a model organism as it grows fast in simple and affordable medium containing salts and glucose. There it produces several molecules such as proteins, vitamins, lipids etc which are important for our research. <ref>Lodish H,Berk A,Kaiser C.A.,Krieger M,Bretscher A,Ploegh H,Amon A,Martin K.C. Molecular Cell Biology (eight edition).New York: w.h.freeman.Macmillan Learning.2016</ref> | |||
<references / | === References === | ||
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Latest revision as of 17:12, 24 October 2017
Prokaryotes are organisms defined by their lack of membrane-bound organelles. The origin of the word prokaryote comes from the Greek "pro", meaning before, and "karyon" which means nucleus or "kernel". Prokaryotes lack a nucleus to store DNA. Their DNA is instead found in a circular form within the cytoplasm. The DNA in prokaryotes is naked DNA. Prokaryotes have cell walls which are a network of fibres that provides the cell with strength and rigidity. This network in the cell wall allows the cell to be freely permeable. These differ from eukaryotes which have a nucleus containing genetic information (DNA). Most prokaryotes are unicellular (single cells) but there are some that have life cycles with multicellular stages. Bacteria (such as Escherichia coli), archaea and cyanobacteria are prokaryotes [1]. The prokaryotes typically have an average cell diameter ranging between 0.5-5µm. The prokaryotes have slightly smaller ribosomes, 70S ( about 18nm diameter) as compared to eukaryotes, 80S (about 22nm diameter). No endoplasmic reticulum , mitochondria and chloroplasts are present in a prokaryote cell. Prokaryote cells move with the help of flagella or cilia made of flagellin. Prokaryotes breed through asexual reproduction, usually either by budding or binary fission (simple division) [2]. Most prokaryote cells are small and simple in their outward appearance which are typically spherical or rod-shaped[3][4].
Prokaryotes In Biomedical Research
One of the most known bacteria used in research is Escherichia Coli, which can be found in soil and in animal intestines. This organism is considered a model organism as it grows fast in simple and affordable medium containing salts and glucose. There it produces several molecules such as proteins, vitamins, lipids etc which are important for our research. [5]
References
- ↑ Alberts B., Johnson A., Lewis J., Raff M., Roberts K., Walter P., (2008), Molecular Biology of The Cell, Fifth Edition, New York: Garland Science, Taylor and Francis Group, p14.
- ↑ Jones M., Fosbery R., Taylor D., Gregory J., (2008), Biology, Second Edition, Oxford: Cambridge University Press, p17-18.
- ↑ Alberts B., Johnson A., Lewis J., Raff M., Roberts K., Walter P., (2008), Molecular Biology of The Cell, Fifth Edition, New York: Garland Science,Taylor and Francis Group, p14.
- ↑ Jones M., Fosbery R., Taylor D., Gregory J., (2008), Biology, Second Edition, Oxford: Cambridge University Press, p17-18.
- ↑ Lodish H,Berk A,Kaiser C.A.,Krieger M,Bretscher A,Ploegh H,Amon A,Martin K.C. Molecular Cell Biology (eight edition).New York: w.h.freeman.Macmillan Learning.2016