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[[DNA|DNA]] replication is a duplication process where exact copies of DNA within [[Cells|cells]] are replicated, with very | [[DNA|DNA]] replication is a duplication process where exact copies of DNA within [[Cells|cells]] are replicated, with very low error rate. They typically occur at a rate of 1 in 10<sup>9</sup><sup></sup><sup></sup> bases per replication. In mitosis, DNA replication occurs during the [[S phase|S phase]]. DNA must be duplicated before the division takes place to main the chromosomal number of the two daughter cell. At the end of the division, two genetically identical daughter cells are formed. DNA replication is semi-conservative. | ||
== | == Bacterial enzymes<br> == | ||
Unlike DNA replication in eukaryotes (e.g. animals), bacteria have a limited set of key enzymes associated with this process. These are enumerated below, according to their supposed chronological order during replication in E. coli. | |||
[[DNA Primase| | *Type I topoisomerase - Catalyses a reversible formation of a nick on 1 antiparallel DNA strand. This breakage is at a single point on DNA phosphate backbone, allowing the dsDNA to unravel <ref name="Topoisomerase">Cooper, G. M. (2000). The Cell: Molecular Approach. 2nd Edition. Washington, D.C: ASM Press.</ref>. | ||
*Dna A - Intiates DNA replication by oriC recognition on bacterial DNA. In additions instigates DNA helicase double strand unzipping <ref name="Dna A">Messer, W., Blaesing, F., Majka, J., Nardmann, J., Schaper, S., Schmidt, A., Seitz, H., Speck, C., Tüngler, D., Wegrzyn, G., Weigel, C., Welzeck, M., Zakrzewska-Czerwinska, J.,(1999). Functional domains of DnaA proteins. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0300908499002151 (last assessed on 29/11/12).</ref>. | |||
[[DNA Polymerase|DNA Polymerase III]] - | *[[DNA helicase|DNA Helicase]] - Unzips double stranded DNA by breaking [[Hydrogen bonds|hydrogen bonds]] between base pairs, to allow other enzymes to access bases <ref name="Topoisomerase" />. | ||
*SSB protein - protein that stops unravelled DNA from reforming into a double strand <ref name="null">Benkovic, S. J, Valentine, A. M., and Salinas, F. (2001). Replisome-mediated DNA replication. Available at: http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.biochem.70.1.181?prevSearch=THE%2BDNA%2BREPLICATION%2BFORK%2BIN%2BPROKARYOTIC%2BCELLS&amp;searchHistoryKey=(last assessed on 29/11/12).</ref> | |||
[[DNA polymerase I|DNA Polymerase I]] - Catalyses DNA | *[[DNA Primase|Primase]] - Catalyses the polymerisation of short [[RNA|RNA]] strands (primers) which promote [[DNA polymerase III|DNA polymerase III]] to bind and initiate the replication. Note, this enzyme is functionally an RNA polymerase <ref name="Topoisomerase" />. | ||
*[[DNA Polymerase|DNA Polymerase III]] - Catalyses the addition of nucleotides (dNTPs) onto both DNA strands (i.e. leader and lagging). Addition is strictly in 5 '- 3' direction. | |||
[[Dna ligase|DNA Ligase]] - Joins | *RNase H - Catalyses degradation of RNA primers (DNA and RNA hybrids; <ref name="Topoisomerase" />) | ||
*[[DNA polymerase I|DNA Polymerase I]] - Catalyses the addition of short DNA fragments in place of now degraded RNA primers; also got a proofreading via 3' to 5' exonuclease activity (reduces the error rate; <ref name="Topoisomerase" />) | |||
*DNA Polymerase II - Involved in DNA repair (e.g. during dimerisation of thymine bases via mutagens of radiation; <ref>Berg, M. J., Tymoczko, J. L., and Stryer, L. (2002). Biochemistry. 2nd Edition. New York: Freeman and Co.</ref>) | |||
*[[Dna ligase|DNA Ligase]] - Joins phosphate backbone at the lagging strand (Okazaki fragments; <ref name="Topoisomerase" />) | |||
*Type II topoisomerase - Catalyses a reversible formation of a nick on 2 antiparallel DNA strands (at the same position on each). This allows produced circular DNA to escape from parental (segregation). Once again, nicks form at phosphate backbones <ref name="Topoisomerase" />. | |||
== References<br> == | == References<br> == | ||
<references /><br> | <references /><br> | ||
| |||
Revision as of 00:10, 30 November 2012
DNA replication is a duplication process where exact copies of DNA within cells are replicated, with very low error rate. They typically occur at a rate of 1 in 109 bases per replication. In mitosis, DNA replication occurs during the S phase. DNA must be duplicated before the division takes place to main the chromosomal number of the two daughter cell. At the end of the division, two genetically identical daughter cells are formed. DNA replication is semi-conservative.
Bacterial enzymes
Unlike DNA replication in eukaryotes (e.g. animals), bacteria have a limited set of key enzymes associated with this process. These are enumerated below, according to their supposed chronological order during replication in E. coli.
- Type I topoisomerase - Catalyses a reversible formation of a nick on 1 antiparallel DNA strand. This breakage is at a single point on DNA phosphate backbone, allowing the dsDNA to unravel [1].
- Dna A - Intiates DNA replication by oriC recognition on bacterial DNA. In additions instigates DNA helicase double strand unzipping [2].
- DNA Helicase - Unzips double stranded DNA by breaking hydrogen bonds between base pairs, to allow other enzymes to access bases [1].
- SSB protein - protein that stops unravelled DNA from reforming into a double strand [3]
- Primase - Catalyses the polymerisation of short RNA strands (primers) which promote DNA polymerase III to bind and initiate the replication. Note, this enzyme is functionally an RNA polymerase [1].
- DNA Polymerase III - Catalyses the addition of nucleotides (dNTPs) onto both DNA strands (i.e. leader and lagging). Addition is strictly in 5 '- 3' direction.
- RNase H - Catalyses degradation of RNA primers (DNA and RNA hybrids; [1])
- DNA Polymerase I - Catalyses the addition of short DNA fragments in place of now degraded RNA primers; also got a proofreading via 3' to 5' exonuclease activity (reduces the error rate; [1])
- DNA Polymerase II - Involved in DNA repair (e.g. during dimerisation of thymine bases via mutagens of radiation; [4])
- DNA Ligase - Joins phosphate backbone at the lagging strand (Okazaki fragments; [1])
- Type II topoisomerase - Catalyses a reversible formation of a nick on 2 antiparallel DNA strands (at the same position on each). This allows produced circular DNA to escape from parental (segregation). Once again, nicks form at phosphate backbones [1].
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Cooper, G. M. (2000). The Cell: Molecular Approach. 2nd Edition. Washington, D.C: ASM Press.
- ↑ Messer, W., Blaesing, F., Majka, J., Nardmann, J., Schaper, S., Schmidt, A., Seitz, H., Speck, C., Tüngler, D., Wegrzyn, G., Weigel, C., Welzeck, M., Zakrzewska-Czerwinska, J.,(1999). Functional domains of DnaA proteins. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0300908499002151 (last assessed on 29/11/12).
- ↑ Benkovic, S. J, Valentine, A. M., and Salinas, F. (2001). Replisome-mediated DNA replication. Available at: http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.biochem.70.1.181?prevSearch=THE%2BDNA%2BREPLICATION%2BFORK%2BIN%2BPROKARYOTIC%2BCELLS&searchHistoryKey=(last assessed on 29/11/12).
- ↑ Berg, M. J., Tymoczko, J. L., and Stryer, L. (2002). Biochemistry. 2nd Edition. New York: Freeman and Co.