Pituitary gland: Difference between revisions
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The pituitary gland, also known as the [[Hypophysis|hypophysis]], is an [[Endocrine gland|endocrine gland]] found at the base of the [[Brain|brain]] just below the [[Hypothalamus|hypothalamus]]. It is connected to the [[Hypothalamus|hypothalamus]] by the pituitary stalk which serves as a connection between the [[Nervous system|nervous]] and the [[Endocrine system|endocrine system]]. | The pituitary gland, also known as the [[Hypophysis|hypophysis]], is an [[Endocrine gland|endocrine gland]] found at the base of the [[Brain|brain]] just below the [[Hypothalamus|hypothalamus]]. It is connected to the [[Hypothalamus|hypothalamus]] by the pituitary stalk which serves as a connection between the [[Nervous system|nervous]] and the [[Endocrine system|endocrine system]]. The pituitary gland consists of two lobes, the [[Anterior pituitary gland|anterior pituitary]] and the [[Posterior pituitary gland|posterior pituitary]] both of which release [[Hormones|hormones]] into the [[Blood|blood]]. | ||
The anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) consists of different [[Endocrine tissue|endocrine tissue]] that synthesises and secretes six hormones which regulate homeostasis. The release of these hormones are regulated by the [[Hypothalamic hypophysiotropic hormones|hypothalamic hypophysiotropic hormones]] which are [[Neurohormone|neurohormones]] produced in the parvocellular neurones of the hypothalamus. The neurohormones drain into the primary capillary plexus and are transported down to the anterior pituitary via the hypophyseal portal vessels. | The anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) consists of different [[Endocrine tissue|endocrine tissue]] that synthesises and secretes six hormones which regulate homeostasis. The release of these hormones are regulated by the [[Hypothalamic hypophysiotropic hormones|hypothalamic hypophysiotropic hormones]] which are [[Neurohormone|neurohormones]] produced in the parvocellular neurones of the hypothalamus. The neurohormones drain into the primary capillary plexus and are transported down to the anterior pituitary via the hypophyseal portal vessels. | ||
The posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) doesn't actually produce any hormones itself, only stores and secretes the hormones produced by the hypothalamus, a region of the brain that controls many homeostatic funtions<ref>Silverthorn, D. (2013) Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 6th ed., Boston, Pearson Education, pp.219</ref>. This is why the cell bodies of the neurones found in the posterior pituitary reside in the hypothalamus. The hormones are synthesised in the | The posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) doesn't actually produce any hormones itself, only stores and secretes the hormones produced by the hypothalamus, a region of the brain that controls many homeostatic funtions<ref>Silverthorn, D. (2013) Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 6th ed., Boston, Pearson Education, pp.219</ref>. This is why the cell bodies of the neurones found in the posterior pituitary reside in the hypothalamus. The hormones are synthesised in the paraventricular nuclei and supraoptic nuclei of the magnocellular neurones. | ||
'''Possible Pituitary Gland Disorders''' | '''Possible Pituitary Gland Disorders''' | ||
Childhood and adolescent abnormal tumour growths on the pituitary gland can result in | Childhood and adolescent abnormal tumour growths on the pituitary gland can result in high levels of growth hormone. This can cause [[Gigantism|gigantism]], characterised by abnormal limb growth and growth continuing on well after growth would be expected to stop due to the late fusion of growth plates<ref>Rostomyan, Liliya; Daly, Adrian F.; Petrossians, Patrick; Nachev, Emil; Lila, Anurag R.; Lecoq, Anne-Lise; Lecumberri, Beatriz; Trivellin, Giampaolo; Salvatori, Roberto (October 2015). "Clinical and genetic characterization of pituitary gigantism: an international collaborative study in 208 patients". Endocrine-Related Cancer. 22 (5): 745–757.</ref>. | ||
Growths on the pituitary gland in adulthood can cause [[Acromegaly|acromegaly]], the adult form of gigantism. This disorder also arises due to excessive growth hormone production but is instead characterised by excessive soft tissue growth and enlargement of the hands and feet. Further limb growth is not usually seen as the growth plates of the individual would usually be fused already. Type 2 diabetes and high blood pressure are commonly seen amongst the effected individuals.<ref>Ho, Ken (2011). Growth Hormone Related Diseases and Therapy: A Molecular and Physiological Perspective for the Clinician. Springer Science &amp; Business Media. p. 400.</ref> | Growths on the pituitary gland in adulthood can cause [[Acromegaly|acromegaly]], the adult form of gigantism. This disorder also arises due to excessive growth hormone production but is instead characterised by excessive soft tissue growth and enlargement of the hands and feet. Further limb growth is not usually seen as the growth plates of the individual would usually be fused already. Type 2 diabetes and high blood pressure are commonly seen amongst the effected individuals.<ref>Ho, Ken (2011). Growth Hormone Related Diseases and Therapy: A Molecular and Physiological Perspective for the Clinician. Springer Science &amp;amp;amp; Business Media. p. 400.</ref> | ||
=== Reference === | === Reference === | ||
<references /> | <references /> | ||
Revision as of 12:12, 5 December 2017
The pituitary gland, also known as the hypophysis, is an endocrine gland found at the base of the brain just below the hypothalamus. It is connected to the hypothalamus by the pituitary stalk which serves as a connection between the nervous and the endocrine system. The pituitary gland consists of two lobes, the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary both of which release hormones into the blood.
The anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) consists of different endocrine tissue that synthesises and secretes six hormones which regulate homeostasis. The release of these hormones are regulated by the hypothalamic hypophysiotropic hormones which are neurohormones produced in the parvocellular neurones of the hypothalamus. The neurohormones drain into the primary capillary plexus and are transported down to the anterior pituitary via the hypophyseal portal vessels.
The posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) doesn't actually produce any hormones itself, only stores and secretes the hormones produced by the hypothalamus, a region of the brain that controls many homeostatic funtions[1]. This is why the cell bodies of the neurones found in the posterior pituitary reside in the hypothalamus. The hormones are synthesised in the paraventricular nuclei and supraoptic nuclei of the magnocellular neurones.
Possible Pituitary Gland Disorders
Childhood and adolescent abnormal tumour growths on the pituitary gland can result in high levels of growth hormone. This can cause gigantism, characterised by abnormal limb growth and growth continuing on well after growth would be expected to stop due to the late fusion of growth plates[2].
Growths on the pituitary gland in adulthood can cause acromegaly, the adult form of gigantism. This disorder also arises due to excessive growth hormone production but is instead characterised by excessive soft tissue growth and enlargement of the hands and feet. Further limb growth is not usually seen as the growth plates of the individual would usually be fused already. Type 2 diabetes and high blood pressure are commonly seen amongst the effected individuals.[3]
Reference
- ↑ Silverthorn, D. (2013) Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 6th ed., Boston, Pearson Education, pp.219
- ↑ Rostomyan, Liliya; Daly, Adrian F.; Petrossians, Patrick; Nachev, Emil; Lila, Anurag R.; Lecoq, Anne-Lise; Lecumberri, Beatriz; Trivellin, Giampaolo; Salvatori, Roberto (October 2015). "Clinical and genetic characterization of pituitary gigantism: an international collaborative study in 208 patients". Endocrine-Related Cancer. 22 (5): 745–757.
- ↑ Ho, Ken (2011). Growth Hormone Related Diseases and Therapy: A Molecular and Physiological Perspective for the Clinician. Springer Science &amp;amp; Business Media. p. 400.