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The&nbsp;[[Spermatozoa]]&nbsp;consists of a head, middle boy, and tail. The head of the spermatozoa contains the hapolid nucleus with 23 chromosomes, which is contained by a cytoplasmic layer containing a range of [[Polysaccharides]]. The head is key in the&nbsp;[[Acrosome Reaction]]&nbsp;as it contains 2 key enzymes; the hyaluronidase and zona acrosin, which are crucial for allowing the sperm to penetrate the ovum&nbsp;&nbsp;<ref>Chavarría ME, Reyes A, Rosado A. The male factor. II. Spermatozoa. Structure and function. 1997 [cited on 17/10/18]; Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9432472</ref>. The middle body of the sperm consists of mitochondrial sheath, which is critical for provding the sperm cell with&nbsp;[[ATP]]&nbsp;, used for energy to rotate the flagella for motility <ref>Sutovsky P, Tengowski MW, Navara CS, Zoran SS, Schatten G. Mitochondrial sheath movement and detachment in mammalian, but not nonmammalian, sperm induced by disulfide bond reduction. 1997 [cited 17/10/18]; Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9110318</ref>. The tail of the sperm is vital for rotating and propelling the sperm, enabling it to travel towards the ovum. The tail is made out of microtubules, which are in a 9+2 arrangement&nbsp;<ref>Jain K. Structure, Functions and Types of Mature Sperms in Animals. 2018 [cited 17/10/18]; Available at http://www.biologydiscussion.com/notes/structure-functions-and-types-of-mature-sperm-in-animals-biology/768</ref>.&nbsp;  
The&nbsp;[[Spermatozoa]]&nbsp;consists of a head, middle boy, and tail. The head of the spermatozoa contains the hapolid nucleus with 23 chromosomes, which is contained by a cytoplasmic layer containing a range of [[Polysaccharides]]. The head is key in the&nbsp;[[Acrosome Reaction]]&nbsp;as it contains 2 key enzymes; the hyaluronidase and zona acrosin, which are crucial for allowing the sperm to penetrate the ovum&nbsp;&nbsp;<ref>Chavarría ME, Reyes A, Rosado A. The male factor. II. Spermatozoa. Structure and function. 1997 [cited on 17/10/18]; Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9432472</ref>. The middle body of the sperm consists of mitochondrial sheath, which is critical for provding the sperm cell with&nbsp;[[ATP]]&nbsp;, used for energy to rotate the flagella for motility <ref>Sutovsky P, Tengowski MW, Navara CS, Zoran SS, Schatten G. Mitochondrial sheath movement and detachment in mammalian, but not nonmammalian, sperm induced by disulfide bond reduction. 1997 [cited 17/10/18]; Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9110318</ref>. The tail of the sperm is vital for rotating and propelling the sperm, enabling it to travel towards the ovum. The tail is made out of microtubules, which are in a 9+2 arrangement&nbsp;<ref>Jain K. Structure, Functions and Types of Mature Sperms in Animals. 2018 [cited 17/10/18]; Available at http://www.biologydiscussion.com/notes/structure-functions-and-types-of-mature-sperm-in-animals-biology/768</ref>.&nbsp;  


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<u>Structure and Function of an Ovum</u>  
<u>Structure and Function of an Ovum</u>  
<u></u>The female ovum, which is significantly larger than the male spermatozoa, also has the same purpose as the spermatozoa; fertilisation. The ovum cannot move like the spermatozoa, since it has no flagella attached. Instead, the ovum contains essential nutrients needed for zygote development into an embryo <ref>Soffar H. The structure and function of the ovum in the female reproductive system. 2015, [cited on 17/10/18]; Available at https://www.online-sciences.com/the-living-organisms/the-structure-and-function-of-the-ovum-in-the-female-reproductive-system/</ref>&nbsp;.&nbsp;


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Revision as of 18:11, 17 October 2018

Introduction

A gamete is another word for a reproductive cell. A gamete can either be a Sperm cell in males, or an Ovum , also known as an Egg cell, in females. Gametes are Haploid cells, meaning they only contain 23 chromosomes, compared to Somatic cells , which contain a full set of 46 chromosomes. When a Sperm cell and Ovum join during Fertilisation , they form a Zygote . The zygote is a combination of the two haploid cells, making it a Diploid cell, therefore providing it with a full set of 46 chromosomes [1]. Following the days after fertilisation, the zygote rapidly divides. Approximately 2 weeks of constant cell division after fertilisation, the zygote is then classed as an Embryo [2]. 


Structure and Function of a Sperm

The male gamete's main function is to move towards the ovum, by rotation of the Flagella , and fuse with the ovum via the Acrosome Reaction.

The Spermatozoa consists of a head, middle boy, and tail. The head of the spermatozoa contains the hapolid nucleus with 23 chromosomes, which is contained by a cytoplasmic layer containing a range of Polysaccharides. The head is key in the Acrosome Reaction as it contains 2 key enzymes; the hyaluronidase and zona acrosin, which are crucial for allowing the sperm to penetrate the ovum  [3]. The middle body of the sperm consists of mitochondrial sheath, which is critical for provding the sperm cell with ATP , used for energy to rotate the flagella for motility [4]. The tail of the sperm is vital for rotating and propelling the sperm, enabling it to travel towards the ovum. The tail is made out of microtubules, which are in a 9+2 arrangement [5]. 


Structure and Function of an Ovum

The female ovum, which is significantly larger than the male spermatozoa, also has the same purpose as the spermatozoa; fertilisation. The ovum cannot move like the spermatozoa, since it has no flagella attached. Instead, the ovum contains essential nutrients needed for zygote development into an embryo [6] . 


  1. ↑ Wright DB. Human Physiology and Health. Oxford: Heinemann Educational Publishers. 2000:152
  2. ↑ Cherry K. The Zygote Phase in Reproduction. 2018 [cited 17/10/18]; Available from: https://www.verywellfamily.com/what-is-a-zygote-2796031
  3. ↑ Chavarría ME, Reyes A, Rosado A. The male factor. II. Spermatozoa. Structure and function. 1997 [cited on 17/10/18]; Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9432472
  4. ↑ Sutovsky P, Tengowski MW, Navara CS, Zoran SS, Schatten G. Mitochondrial sheath movement and detachment in mammalian, but not nonmammalian, sperm induced by disulfide bond reduction. 1997 [cited 17/10/18]; Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9110318
  5. ↑ Jain K. Structure, Functions and Types of Mature Sperms in Animals. 2018 [cited 17/10/18]; Available at http://www.biologydiscussion.com/notes/structure-functions-and-types-of-mature-sperm-in-animals-biology/768
  6. ↑ Soffar H. The structure and function of the ovum in the female reproductive system. 2015, [cited on 17/10/18]; Available at https://www.online-sciences.com/the-living-organisms/the-structure-and-function-of-the-ovum-in-the-female-reproductive-system/



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