DNA replication: Difference between revisions
Fixed a minor formating issue/ |
mNo edit summary |
||
| Line 3: | Line 3: | ||
Within DNA replication the two strands are replicated in slightly different ways. The leading strand, the strand that runs 5' to 3', is replicated continuously. This is because it is known that the DNA polymerase is only able to synthesise in the 5' to 3' direction so the leading strand is in the correct orientation for the DNA polymerase so it can be replicated continuously. On the other hand the lagging strand runs from 3' to 5' prime which means that it cannot be replicated continuously because the DNA polymerase can't replicate in that direction. This means that the lagging strand is replicated in fragments, which are given the name Okazaki fragments. The DNA is able to form loops so that the DNA polymerase can synthesise the new strand of DNA in the 5' to 3' direction. Other enzymes are then used to join up the gaps that are created through the replication in fragments<ref>Burg J M, Tymoczko J L, Gatto, Jr G J, Stryer L. Biochemistry Eighth Edition. 2015. W.H. Freeman and Company. New York. Pg 831</ref> | Within DNA replication the two strands are replicated in slightly different ways. The leading strand, the strand that runs 5' to 3', is replicated continuously. This is because it is known that the DNA polymerase is only able to synthesise in the 5' to 3' direction so the leading strand is in the correct orientation for the DNA polymerase so it can be replicated continuously. On the other hand the lagging strand runs from 3' to 5' prime which means that it cannot be replicated continuously because the DNA polymerase can't replicate in that direction. This means that the lagging strand is replicated in fragments, which are given the name Okazaki fragments. The DNA is able to form loops so that the DNA polymerase can synthesise the new strand of DNA in the 5' to 3' direction. Other enzymes are then used to join up the gaps that are created through the replication in fragments<ref>Burg J M, Tymoczko J L, Gatto, Jr G J, Stryer L. Biochemistry Eighth Edition. 2015. W.H. Freeman and Company. New York. Pg 831</ref> | ||
=== Bacterial enzymes<br> | <br> | ||
=== Bacterial enzymes<br> === | |||
Unlike DNA replication in [[Eukaryotes]] (e.g. animals), [[Bacteria]] have a limited set of key enzymes associated with this process. These are enumerated below, according to their supposed chronological order during replication in [[E. coli]]. | Unlike DNA replication in [[Eukaryotes]] (e.g. animals), [[Bacteria]] have a limited set of key enzymes associated with this process. These are enumerated below, according to their supposed chronological order during replication in [[E. coli]]. | ||
| Line 20: | Line 22: | ||
*[[DNA Polymerase II]] - Involved in DNA repair (e.g. during dimerisation of thymine bases via mutagens of radiation<ref>Berg, M. J., Tymoczko, J. L., and Stryer, L. (2002). Biochemistry. 2nd Edition. New York: Freeman and Co.</ref>) | *[[DNA Polymerase II]] - Involved in DNA repair (e.g. during dimerisation of thymine bases via mutagens of radiation<ref>Berg, M. J., Tymoczko, J. L., and Stryer, L. (2002). Biochemistry. 2nd Edition. New York: Freeman and Co.</ref>) | ||
=== References | | ||
Here are two YouTube Video's which depict what occurs in DNA replication in bacteria. It highlights some of the enzymes listed above and there function in DNA replication. The first one shows animation of DNA replication and the other shows replication fork coupling which displays DNA ability to form loops. | |||
1. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Ha9nppnwOc https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Ha9nppnwOc] | |||
2. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QMX7IpME7X8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QMX7IpME7X8] | |||
<br>References | |||
<references /> | <references /> | ||
Revision as of 15:02, 1 December 2017
DNA replication is a duplication process where exact copies of DNA within cells are replicated, with very low error rate. They typically occur at a rate of 1 in 109 bases per replication. In Mitosis, DNA replication occurs during the S phase. DNA must be duplicated before the division takes place to main the chromosomal number of the two daughter cells. At the end of the division, two genetically identical daughter cells are formed. DNA replication is called Semi-conservative replication.
Within DNA replication the two strands are replicated in slightly different ways. The leading strand, the strand that runs 5' to 3', is replicated continuously. This is because it is known that the DNA polymerase is only able to synthesise in the 5' to 3' direction so the leading strand is in the correct orientation for the DNA polymerase so it can be replicated continuously. On the other hand the lagging strand runs from 3' to 5' prime which means that it cannot be replicated continuously because the DNA polymerase can't replicate in that direction. This means that the lagging strand is replicated in fragments, which are given the name Okazaki fragments. The DNA is able to form loops so that the DNA polymerase can synthesise the new strand of DNA in the 5' to 3' direction. Other enzymes are then used to join up the gaps that are created through the replication in fragments[1]
Bacterial enzymes
Unlike DNA replication in Eukaryotes (e.g. animals), Bacteria have a limited set of key enzymes associated with this process. These are enumerated below, according to their supposed chronological order during replication in E. coli.
- Type I topoisomerase - Catalyses a reversible formation of a nick on 1 antiparallel DNA strand. This breakage is at a single point on DNA Phosphate backbone, allowing the dsDNA to unravel [2].
- Dna A - Intiates DNA replication by OriC recognition on bacterial DNA. In addition, it instigates DNA helicase double strand unzipping [3].
- DNA Helicase - Unzips double stranded DNA by breaking hydrogen bonds between base pairs, to allow other enzymes to access bases [2].
- SSB protein - protein that stops unravelled DNA from reforming into a double strand [4]
- Primase - Catalyses the polymerisation of short RNA strands (primers) which promote DNA polymerase III to bind and initiate the replication. Note, this enzyme is functionally an RNA polymerase [2].
- DNA Polymerase III - Catalyses the addition of nucleotides (DNTPs) onto both DNA strands (i.e. leader and lagging). Addition is strictly in 5 '- 3' direction.
- RNase H - Catalyses degradation of RNA primers (DNA and RNA hybrids[2])
- DNA Polymerase I - Catalyses the addition of short DNA fragments in place of now degraded RNA primers; also got a proofreading via 3' to 5' exonuclease activity (reduces the error rate[2])
- DNA Ligase - Joins Phosphate backbone at the lagging strand (Okazaki fragments[2])
- Type II topoisomerase - Catalyses a reversible formation of a nick on 2 antiparallel DNA strands (at the same position on each). This allows produced circular DNA to escape from parental (segregation). Once again, nicks form at Phosphate backbones[2].
- DNA Polymerase II - Involved in DNA repair (e.g. during dimerisation of thymine bases via mutagens of radiation[5])
Here are two YouTube Video's which depict what occurs in DNA replication in bacteria. It highlights some of the enzymes listed above and there function in DNA replication. The first one shows animation of DNA replication and the other shows replication fork coupling which displays DNA ability to form loops.
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Ha9nppnwOc
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QMX7IpME7X8
References
- ↑ Burg J M, Tymoczko J L, Gatto, Jr G J, Stryer L. Biochemistry Eighth Edition. 2015. W.H. Freeman and Company. New York. Pg 831
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Cooper, G. M. (2000). The Cell: Molecular Approach. 2nd Edition. Washington, D.C: ASM Press.
- ↑ Messer, W., Blaesing, F., Majka, J., Nardmann, J., Schaper, S., Schmidt, A., Seitz, H., Speck, C., Tüngler, D., Wegrzyn, G., Weigel, C., Welzeck, M., Zakrzewska-Czerwinska, J.,(1999). Functional domains of DnaA proteins. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0300908499002151 (last assessed on 29/11/12).
- ↑ Benkovic, S. J, Valentine, A. M., and Salinas, F. (2001). Replisome-mediated DNA replication.
- ↑ Berg, M. J., Tymoczko, J. L., and Stryer, L. (2002). Biochemistry. 2nd Edition. New York: Freeman and Co.