Glucose homeostasis: Difference between revisions

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[[Glucose|Glucose]] homeostasis is the balance of two hormones ([[Insulin|insulin]] and [[Glucagon|glucagon]]) to maintain the blood glucose level.  
[[Glucose|Glucose]] homeostasis is the balance of two hormones ([[Insulin|insulin]] and [[Glucagon|glucagon]]) to maintain the blood glucose level.  


When the blood glucose level is high, the beta cells in the [[Islets of Langerhans|Islets of Langerhans]] in the [[pancreas|pancreas]] stimulate the release of insulin into the blood. This causes a series of events to occur.  
When the blood glucose level is high, the beta cells in the [[Islets of Langerhans|Islets of Langerhans]] in the [[Pancreas|pancreas]] stimulate the release of insulin into the blood. This causes a series of events to occur.  


These include<ref>Nursing, Allied Health and Other Health-related Educational Grant Program. [cited 03/12/17]. Available from: http://www.austincc.edu/apreview/EmphasisItems/Glucose_regulation.html</ref>:  
These include<ref>Nursing, Allied Health and Other Health-related Educational Grant Program. [cited 03/12/17]. Available from: http://www.austincc.edu/apreview/EmphasisItems/Glucose_regulation.html</ref>:  


*Increased rate of [[glucose transport|glucose transport]] into the cells.  
*Increased rate of [[Glucose transport|glucose transport]] into the cells.  
*Increased rate of [[ATP production|ATP generation]].  
*Increased rate of [[ATP production|ATP generation]].  
*Increased amount of glucose converted to glycogen.  
*Increased amount of glucose converted to glycogen.  
*Increased [[Protein_synthesis|protein synthesis]].
*Increased [[Protein synthesis|protein synthesis]].


The result of all these actions (most importantly glucose converted to [[glycogen|glycogen]]) causes the blood glucose concentration to decrease and return back to the optimum concentration. The stimulus for insulin to be released also decreases.  
The result of all these actions (most importantly glucose converted to [[Glycogen|glycogen]]) causes the blood glucose concentration to decrease and return back to the optimum concentration. The stimulus for insulin to be released also decreases.  


An example of when this might occur is after you have eaten a meal or overindulged in chocolate.  
An example of when this might occur is after you have eaten a meal or overindulged in chocolate.  
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[[Diabetes|Diabetes]] is a disorder where the immune system attack the beta cells so insulin cannot be produced (Type I) or where the tissues in the body respond to insulin at a much slower rate (Type II)<ref>Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD. Diabetes Symptoms (Type 1 and Type 2). [cited 03/12/17]. Available from: https://www.medicinenet.com/diabetes_mellitus/article.htm</ref>.  
[[Diabetes|Diabetes]] is a disorder where the immune system attack the beta cells so insulin cannot be produced (Type I) or where the tissues in the body respond to insulin at a much slower rate (Type II)<ref>Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD. Diabetes Symptoms (Type 1 and Type 2). [cited 03/12/17]. Available from: https://www.medicinenet.com/diabetes_mellitus/article.htm</ref>.  


When the blood glucose level is <u>low</u>, the alpha cells in the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas stimulate the release of glucagon into the blood. Similarly, this causes a series of events which include<ref>Nursing, Allied Health and Other Health-related Educational Grant Program. [cited 03/12/17]. Available from: http://www.austincc.edu/apreview/EmphasisItems/Glucose_regulation.html</ref>:  
When the blood glucose level is low, the alpha cells in the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas stimulate the release of glucagon into the blood. Similarly, this causes a series of events which include<ref>Nursing, Allied Health and Other Health-related Educational Grant Program. [cited 03/12/17]. Available from: http://www.austincc.edu/apreview/EmphasisItems/Glucose_regulation.html</ref>:  


*Increased breakdown of glycogen to glucose.  
*Increased breakdown of glycogen to glucose.  
*Increased breakdown of [[fatty acids|fatty acids]].  
*Increased breakdown of [[Fatty acids|fatty acids]].  
*Increased synthesis of glucose.
*Increased synthesis of glucose.


Glucose can then be released into the blood from the [[liver|liver]], where the blood glucose concentration rises and returns back to the optimum concentration. The stimulus for glucagon release decreases.  
Glucose can then be released into the blood from the [[Liver|liver]], where the blood glucose concentration rises and returns back to the optimum concentration. The stimulus for glucagon release decreases.  


Such processes occur during starvation or kidney failure<ref>Lefebvre PJ, Luyckx AS. Glucagon and the kidney. In GLUCAGON: Its Role in Physiology and Clinical Medicine 1977 (pp. 167-176). Springer, New York, NY</ref>.  
Such processes occur during starvation or kidney failure<ref>Lefebvre PJ, Luyckx AS. Glucagon and the kidney. In GLUCAGON: Its Role in Physiology and Clinical Medicine 1977 (pp. 167-176). Springer, New York, NY</ref>.  

Latest revision as of 20:11, 4 December 2017

Glucose homeostasis is the balance of two hormones (insulin and glucagon) to maintain the blood glucose level.

When the blood glucose level is high, the beta cells in the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas stimulate the release of insulin into the blood. This causes a series of events to occur.

These include[1]:

The result of all these actions (most importantly glucose converted to glycogen) causes the blood glucose concentration to decrease and return back to the optimum concentration. The stimulus for insulin to be released also decreases.

An example of when this might occur is after you have eaten a meal or overindulged in chocolate.

Diabetes is a disorder where the immune system attack the beta cells so insulin cannot be produced (Type I) or where the tissues in the body respond to insulin at a much slower rate (Type II)[2].

When the blood glucose level is low, the alpha cells in the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas stimulate the release of glucagon into the blood. Similarly, this causes a series of events which include[3]:

  • Increased breakdown of glycogen to glucose.
  • Increased breakdown of fatty acids.
  • Increased synthesis of glucose.

Glucose can then be released into the blood from the liver, where the blood glucose concentration rises and returns back to the optimum concentration. The stimulus for glucagon release decreases.

Such processes occur during starvation or kidney failure[4].

This regulatory process is an example of negative feedback.

References

  1. ↑ Nursing, Allied Health and Other Health-related Educational Grant Program. [cited 03/12/17]. Available from: http://www.austincc.edu/apreview/EmphasisItems/Glucose_regulation.html
  2. ↑ Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD. Diabetes Symptoms (Type 1 and Type 2). [cited 03/12/17]. Available from: https://www.medicinenet.com/diabetes_mellitus/article.htm
  3. ↑ Nursing, Allied Health and Other Health-related Educational Grant Program. [cited 03/12/17]. Available from: http://www.austincc.edu/apreview/EmphasisItems/Glucose_regulation.html
  4. ↑ Lefebvre PJ, Luyckx AS. Glucagon and the kidney. In GLUCAGON: Its Role in Physiology and Clinical Medicine 1977 (pp. 167-176). Springer, New York, NY


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