Mitosis
Mitosis is the process of nuclear division that produces two identical daughter cells with a diploid complement of chromosomes from one also identical parent cell. It can be broken down into four main stages seen in animal cells:
- Prophase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase
Prophase
Chromosomes condense (shorten and thicken) to form visibly distinct threads within the nucleus. This is brought about by the action of large proteins called condensins. Each chromosome at this point consists of two chromatids held together at the centromere (central point). Finally nucleoli disappear and the nuclear envelope disintegrates.
Metaphase
Anaphase
Proteins holding the chromatids together dissolve and centromeres separate. Spindle fibres are signalled by the cell to lengthen causing the identical sister chromatids of each chromosome to be pulled toward opposite poles of the spindle. The two groups that now lie in each end of the spindle contain the same number of chromosomes that were present in the original interphase nucleus.
Telophase
In this final stage of mitosis, a nuclear envelope forms around each group of chromosomes and cytokinesis occurs, where the cytoplasm divides into two. The spindle completely disappears and chromosomes undergo the reversal of condensation, deeming them no longer visible under the light microscope. At the end of telophase the two separate daughter cells assume interphase appearance with fully developed nucleoli.