Guanosine triphosphate: Difference between revisions

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'''Guanosine triphosphate''' ('''Guanosine-5'-triphosphate''' to be precise or also commonly abbreviated '''GTP''' for simplicity) is a high energy&nbsp;[[Nucleotide|nucleotide]] (not to be confused with [[Nucleoside|nucleoside]]).&nbsp;As a result of it's structure it has selective roles in the formation of [[MRNA|RNA]] strands<ref>J Koolman and KH Roehm, Color Atlas of Biochemistry, 3rd Edition, Stuttgart, Germany. Thieme 2013.</ref>, functioning&nbsp;[[Image:GTP chemical structure.png|frame|right|300x200px]]as an [[Energy carrier|energy carrier]] molecule&nbsp;for protein synthesis<ref>R K Murray, D A Bender, K M Botham, P J Kennelly, V W Rodwell and P A Weil. Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry. 28th Edition. Beijing, China. 2009.</ref>, a&nbsp;[[Coenzyme|coenzyme]], a predecessor to cGMP - a&nbsp;[[Secondary messenger|secondary messenger]] molecule<ref>J Dow, G Lindsay and J Morrison, Biochemistry: Molecules, Cells and the Body. 1st Edition. Wokingham, England. Addison-Wesley. 1996.</ref> or as an [[Effector|effector]]&nbsp;molecule. The last both of which are demonstrated by&nbsp;[[G-protein|G-protein]]&nbsp;modulation<ref>J Dow, G Lindsay and J Morrison, Biochemistry: Molecules, Cells and the Body. 1st Edition. Wokingham, England. Addison-Wesley. 1996.</ref>. This list does not exhuast it's chemical interactions but is merely a demonstration of it's capabilities.  
Guanosine triphosphate (Guanosine-5'-triphosphate to be precise or also commonly abbreviated GTP for simplicity) is a high energy&nbsp;[[Nucleotide|nucleotide]] (not to be confused with [[Nucleoside|nucleoside]]).&nbsp;As a result of it's structure it has selective roles in the formation of [[MRNA|RNA]] strands<ref>J Koolman and KH Roehm, Color Atlas of Biochemistry, 3rd Edition, Stuttgart, Germany. Thieme 2013.</ref>, functioning&nbsp;[[Image:GTP chemical structure.png|frame|right|300x200px]]as an [[Energy carrier|energy carrier]] molecule&nbsp;for protein synthesis<ref>R K Murray, D A Bender, K M Botham, P J Kennelly, V W Rodwell and P A Weil. Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry. 28th Edition. Beijing, China. 2009.</ref>, a&nbsp;[[Coenzyme|coenzyme]], a predecessor to cGMP - a&nbsp;[[Secondary messenger|secondary messenger]] molecule<ref>J Dow, G Lindsay and J Morrison, Biochemistry: Molecules, Cells and the Body. 1st Edition. Wokingham, England. Addison-Wesley. 1996.</ref> or as an [[Effector|effector]]&nbsp;molecule. The last both of which are demonstrated by&nbsp;[[G-protein|G-protein]]&nbsp;modulation<ref>J Dow, G Lindsay and J Morrison, Biochemistry: Molecules, Cells and the Body. 1st Edition. Wokingham, England. Addison-Wesley. 1996.</ref>. This list does not exhuast it's chemical interactions but is merely a demonstration of it's capabilities.  


The [[Ribose|ribose]]&nbsp;sugar is central to the three dimensional arrangement of the covalently bonded [[Guanine|guanine]]&nbsp;and the [[T|t]][[Triphosphate|riphosphate]], providing [[Hydroxyl group|hydroxyl]] groups for [[Condensation Reaction|condensation reactions]]&nbsp;and [[Nucleophilic attack|nucleophilic attacks<ref>J Dow, G Lindsay and J Morrison, Biochemistry: Molecules, Cells and the Body. 1st Edition. Wokingham, England. Addison-Wesley. 1996.</ref>]].The guanine molecule and the triphosphate form covalent bonds at [[C|C'1]] and [[C|C'5]] atoms respectively. The purine is bonded as a result of a condensation reaction at it's&nbsp;[[Nitrogen|9'N]]. Since guanine is a [[Purine|purine]]&nbsp;base, it is classified as a purine triphosphate along with [[Adenine|a]][[Adenine triphosphate|denine triphosphate (ATP)<ref>J Koolman and KH Roehm, Color Atlas of Biochemistry, 3rd Edition, Stuttgart, Germany. Thieme 2013.</ref>]]. It is formed along with [[ATP|ATP]] through [[Inosine monophosphate|inosine monophosphate]] modification<ref>J Koolman and KH Roehm, Color Atlas of Biochemistry, 3rd Edition, Stuttgart, Germany. Thieme 2013.</ref>. It's [[Structural formula|structural formula ]](right) suggests it's chemical activity and is described further in detail below.&nbsp;  
The [[Ribose|ribose]]&nbsp;sugar is central to the three dimensional arrangement of the covalently bonded [[Guanine|guanine]]&nbsp;and the [[T|t]][[Triphosphate|riphosphate]], providing [[Hydroxyl group|hydroxyl]] groups for [[Condensation Reaction|condensation reactions]]&nbsp;and [[Nucleophilic attack|nucleophilic attacks<ref>J Dow, G Lindsay and J Morrison, Biochemistry: Molecules, Cells and the Body. 1st Edition. Wokingham, England. Addison-Wesley. 1996.</ref>]].The guanine molecule and the triphosphate form covalent bonds at [[C|C'1]] and [[C|C'5]] atoms respectively. The purine is bonded as a result of a condensation reaction at it's&nbsp;[[Nitrogen|9'N]]. Since guanine is a [[Purine|purine]]&nbsp;base, it is classified as a purine triphosphate along with [[Adenine|a]][[Adenine triphosphate|denine triphosphate (ATP)<ref>J Koolman and KH Roehm, Color Atlas of Biochemistry, 3rd Edition, Stuttgart, Germany. Thieme 2013.</ref>]]. It is formed along with [[ATP|ATP]] through [[Inosine monophosphate|inosine monophosphate]] modification<ref>J Koolman and KH Roehm, Color Atlas of Biochemistry, 3rd Edition, Stuttgart, Germany. Thieme 2013.</ref>. It's [[Structural formula|structural formula ]](right) suggests it's chemical activity and is described further in detail below.&nbsp;<br>


<br>  
=== One Of Many In RNA<br> ===


<br>  
RNA is chemically distinct from DNA primarily as a result of the existance of a [[Deoxyribose|deoxyribose]] instead of a ribose sugar. Guanosine triphosphate is concerned with the production of the guanine base only in RNA<ref>J Dow, G Lindsay and J Morrison, Biochemistry: Molecules, Cells and the Body. 1st Edition. Wokingham, England. Addison-Wesley. 1996.</ref>. In DNA [[Deoxyguanosine|deoxyguanosine triphosphates]] are used instead, as they do not possess a [[2'OH|2'OH group]] which makes them prone to nucleophilic attacks which can result in the [[Hydrolysis|hydrolysis]] of the base from the rest of the [[Polynucleotide|polynucleotide]].&nbsp;[[Image:Phosphodiester hydrolysis mechanism.png|thumb|right|550x150px|Phosphodiester hydrolysis mechanism.png]]


= One Of Many In RNA<br> =
Guanosine triphosphate will result in the formation of a guanine base as a result of cleavage of two anhydride bonds, releasing two free phosphates as products. However, this reaction will (normally) only be catalysed by RNA polymerase if the opposite base is a cytosine with which the guanosine triphosphate can form hydrogen bonds. After catalysis, the molecule is part of a polynucleotide chain and is no longer known as GTP, but as the base guanine.&nbsp;


RNA is chemically distinct from DNA primarily as a result of the existance of a [[Deoxyribose|deoxyribose]] instead of a ribose sugar. Guanosine triphosphate is concerned with the production of the guanine base only in RNA<ref>J Dow, G Lindsay and J Morrison, Biochemistry: Molecules, Cells and the Body. 1st Edition. Wokingham, England. Addison-Wesley. 1996.</ref>. In DNA [[deoxyguanosine|deoxyguanosine triphosphates]] are used instead, as they do not possess a [[2'OH|2'OH group]] which makes them prone to nucleophilic attacks which can result in the [[hydrolysis|hydrolysis]] of the base from the rest of the [[polynucleotide|polynucleotide]].&nbsp;[[Image:Phosphodiester_hydrolysis_mechanism.png|thumb|right|550x150px|Hydrolysis of RNA backbone]]
=== References ===


Guanosine triphosphate will result in the formation of a guanine base as a result of cleavage of two anhydride bonds, releasing two free phosphates as products. However, this reaction will (normally) only be catalysed by RNA polymerase if the opposite base is a cytosine with which the guanosine triphosphate can form hydrogen bonds. After catalysis, the molecule is part of a polynucleotide chain and is no longer known as GTP, but as the base guanine.&nbsp;
<references />


 
<br>
 
= GTP; A Cousin to Universal ATP  =
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
= A Source For Signalling  =
 
References:
 
<references />

Revision as of 09:51, 3 December 2016

Guanosine triphosphate (Guanosine-5'-triphosphate to be precise or also commonly abbreviated GTP for simplicity) is a high energy nucleotide (not to be confused with nucleoside). As a result of it's structure it has selective roles in the formation of RNA strands[1], functioning 

as an energy carrier molecule for protein synthesis[2], a coenzyme, a predecessor to cGMP - a secondary messenger molecule[3] or as an effector molecule. The last both of which are demonstrated by G-protein modulation[4]. This list does not exhuast it's chemical interactions but is merely a demonstration of it's capabilities.

The ribose sugar is central to the three dimensional arrangement of the covalently bonded guanine and the triphosphate, providing hydroxyl groups for condensation reactions and nucleophilic attacks[5].The guanine molecule and the triphosphate form covalent bonds at C'1 and C'5 atoms respectively. The purine is bonded as a result of a condensation reaction at it's 9'N. Since guanine is a purine base, it is classified as a purine triphosphate along with adenine triphosphate (ATP)[6]. It is formed along with ATP through inosine monophosphate modification[7]. It's structural formula (right) suggests it's chemical activity and is described further in detail below. 

One Of Many In RNA

RNA is chemically distinct from DNA primarily as a result of the existance of a deoxyribose instead of a ribose sugar. Guanosine triphosphate is concerned with the production of the guanine base only in RNA[8]. In DNA deoxyguanosine triphosphates are used instead, as they do not possess a 2'OH group which makes them prone to nucleophilic attacks which can result in the hydrolysis of the base from the rest of the polynucleotide. 

Phosphodiester hydrolysis mechanism.png

Guanosine triphosphate will result in the formation of a guanine base as a result of cleavage of two anhydride bonds, releasing two free phosphates as products. However, this reaction will (normally) only be catalysed by RNA polymerase if the opposite base is a cytosine with which the guanosine triphosphate can form hydrogen bonds. After catalysis, the molecule is part of a polynucleotide chain and is no longer known as GTP, but as the base guanine. 

References

  1. ↑ J Koolman and KH Roehm, Color Atlas of Biochemistry, 3rd Edition, Stuttgart, Germany. Thieme 2013.
  2. ↑ R K Murray, D A Bender, K M Botham, P J Kennelly, V W Rodwell and P A Weil. Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry. 28th Edition. Beijing, China. 2009.
  3. ↑ J Dow, G Lindsay and J Morrison, Biochemistry: Molecules, Cells and the Body. 1st Edition. Wokingham, England. Addison-Wesley. 1996.
  4. ↑ J Dow, G Lindsay and J Morrison, Biochemistry: Molecules, Cells and the Body. 1st Edition. Wokingham, England. Addison-Wesley. 1996.
  5. ↑ J Dow, G Lindsay and J Morrison, Biochemistry: Molecules, Cells and the Body. 1st Edition. Wokingham, England. Addison-Wesley. 1996.
  6. ↑ J Koolman and KH Roehm, Color Atlas of Biochemistry, 3rd Edition, Stuttgart, Germany. Thieme 2013.
  7. ↑ J Koolman and KH Roehm, Color Atlas of Biochemistry, 3rd Edition, Stuttgart, Germany. Thieme 2013.
  8. ↑ J Dow, G Lindsay and J Morrison, Biochemistry: Molecules, Cells and the Body. 1st Edition. Wokingham, England. Addison-Wesley. 1996.


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