Phospholipase C: Difference between revisions
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'''Phospholipase C''', PLC is an [[Enzyme|enzyme]] that produces two second messengers [[Ip3|IP]]<sub>[[Ip3|3]]</sub> and [[Diacylglycerol|diacylglycerol]] ([[Diacylglycerol|DAG]]) by cleavage of inositol phospolipids. [[Ip3|IP]]<sub>[[Ip3|3]]</sub> in turn will trigger the release of [[Calcium|calcium]] from [[Intracellular|intracellular stores]], and [[Diacylglycerol|DAG]] is going to activate [[Protein kinase C|protein kinase C]] ([[Protein kinase C|PKC]]) <ref>Patricia A. Hartz,2003, PHOSPHOLIPASE C, ZETA-1; PLCZ1. OMIM(MIM ID *608075) [online] available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/608075 [Accessed 13 November2010].</ref> <ref>Fukami K, et al.,2010 oct, Phospholipase C is a key enzyme regulating intracellular calcium and modulating the phosphoinositide balance. Prog Lipid Res. 49(4):429-37 [online] available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed [Accessed 13 November2010].</ref> <ref>Wang J, et al., 2010 Oct;30. Phosphorylation of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2-interacting protein 1 tyrosine 392 is required for phospholipase C-gamma activation and podosome formation in vascular smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, (10),pp.1976-82 [online] available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20689073 [Accessed 13 November2010].</ref> <ref>Bruce, A. et al., 2008. Molecular biology of the cell, 5th ed, New York: Garland science, pp.909.</ref>. | '''Phospholipase C''', PLC is an [[Enzyme|enzyme]] that produces two second messengers inositol-1, 4, 5-triphosphate ([[Ip3|IP]]<sub>[[Ip3|3]]</sub>)and [[Diacylglycerol|diacylglycerol]] ([[Diacylglycerol|DAG]]) by cleavage of inositol phospolipids. [[Ip3|IP]]<sub>[[Ip3|3]]</sub> in turn will trigger the release of [[Calcium|calcium]] from [[Intracellular|intracellular stores]], and [[Diacylglycerol|DAG]] is going to activate [[Protein kinase C|protein kinase C]] ([[Protein kinase C|PKC]]) <ref>Patricia A. Hartz,2003, PHOSPHOLIPASE C, ZETA-1; PLCZ1. OMIM(MIM ID *608075) [online] available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/608075 [Accessed 13 November2010].</ref> <ref>Fukami K, et al.,2010 oct, Phospholipase C is a key enzyme regulating intracellular calcium and modulating the phosphoinositide balance. Prog Lipid Res. 49(4):429-37 [online] available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed [Accessed 13 November2010].</ref> <ref>Wang J, et al., 2010 Oct;30. Phosphorylation of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2-interacting protein 1 tyrosine 392 is required for phospholipase C-gamma activation and podosome formation in vascular smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, (10),pp.1976-82 [online] available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20689073 [Accessed 13 November2010].</ref> <ref>Bruce, A. et al., 2008. Molecular biology of the cell, 5th ed, New York: Garland science, pp.909.</ref>. | ||
There is some studies that shows that this enzyme has five groups, each group contains at least two isoforms. | There is some studies that shows that this enzyme has five groups, each group contains at least two isoforms. | ||
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#Ca<sup>2+</sup> is pumped out rapidly. | #Ca<sup>2+</sup> is pumped out rapidly. | ||
The other product, DAG remains in the [[ | The other product, DAG remains in the [[Plasma membrane|plasma membrane]] due to its [[Hydrophobic|hydrophobic]] fatty chains. DAG activates [[Protein kinase C|protein kinase C (PKC)]] which then phosphorylates target [[Proteins|proteins]]. PKC is activated by Ca<sup>2+ </sup>and diacylglycerol and is therefore called a conventional PKC<ref>Alberts et Al. Molecular Biology of the cell, 5th edition USA: Garland Science page 911</ref>. DAG can also remain in the plasma membrane as it can be cleaved again with the product acting as a signalling molecule <ref>Alberts et al, Molecular Biology of the cell,5th edition, USA: Garland Science page 910</ref>. | ||
=== References === | === References === | ||
<references /><br> | <references /><br> | ||
Revision as of 21:26, 4 December 2016
Phospholipase C, PLC is an enzyme that produces two second messengers inositol-1, 4, 5-triphosphate (IP3)and diacylglycerol (DAG) by cleavage of inositol phospolipids. IP3 in turn will trigger the release of calcium from intracellular stores, and DAG is going to activate protein kinase C (PKC) [1] [2] [3] [4].
There is some studies that shows that this enzyme has five groups, each group contains at least two isoforms.
- Eta is a superfamily of 1,2
- Beta 1,2,3 and 4 key step in the intracellular transduction of many extracellular signals, are regulated by heterotrimeric G protein-coupled receptors, Gq activates inositol phospholipid signalling pathway which in turn will activate PLC-beta enzyme.
- Delta 1,2,3
- Gamma 1,2 enzymes are controlled by receptor tyrosine kinases.
- Zeta 1
Most of them differ in their activation. Because, they are controlled by different receptors.
Phospholipase C is a plasma membrane bound enzyme and is activated by G- protein linked signalling in a similar process to the activation of adenylyl cyclase. Once the G protein has been stimulated it activates phospholipase C which cleaves a phospholipid called phosphatidylinositol 4,5- biphosphate found in the plasma membrane lipid bilayer [5]. This results in two products: inositol 1,4,5 triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). IP3 diffuses into the cytosol untill it reaches the endoplasmic reticulum where it opens calcium channels causing a release of Ca2+ into the cytosol. This effect can be reversed in three different ways:
- IP3 can form IP2 via dephosphorylation.
- IP3 can be phosphorylated to form IP4
- Ca2+ is pumped out rapidly.
The other product, DAG remains in the plasma membrane due to its hydrophobic fatty chains. DAG activates protein kinase C (PKC) which then phosphorylates target proteins. PKC is activated by Ca2+ and diacylglycerol and is therefore called a conventional PKC[6]. DAG can also remain in the plasma membrane as it can be cleaved again with the product acting as a signalling molecule [7].
References
- ↑ Patricia A. Hartz,2003, PHOSPHOLIPASE C, ZETA-1; PLCZ1. OMIM(MIM ID *608075) [online] available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/608075 [Accessed 13 November2010].
- ↑ Fukami K, et al.,2010 oct, Phospholipase C is a key enzyme regulating intracellular calcium and modulating the phosphoinositide balance. Prog Lipid Res. 49(4):429-37 [online] available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed [Accessed 13 November2010].
- ↑ Wang J, et al., 2010 Oct;30. Phosphorylation of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2-interacting protein 1 tyrosine 392 is required for phospholipase C-gamma activation and podosome formation in vascular smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, (10),pp.1976-82 [online] available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20689073 [Accessed 13 November2010].
- ↑ Bruce, A. et al., 2008. Molecular biology of the cell, 5th ed, New York: Garland science, pp.909.
- ↑ Bruce Alberts,Alexander Johnson,Julian Lewis, Martin Raff,Keith Roberts and Peter Walter (2008) Molecular Biology of the cell, 5th edition USA: Garland Science page 909
- ↑ Alberts et Al. Molecular Biology of the cell, 5th edition USA: Garland Science page 911
- ↑ Alberts et al, Molecular Biology of the cell,5th edition, USA: Garland Science page 910