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Organelles are separate compartments in [[Eukaryotic|eukaryotic]] cells that contain different [[Enzyme|enzymes]] and [[Molecule|molecules]] and have specific roles in maintaining [[Cell|cell]] structure and function <ref>Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P. 2008. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 5th Edition. p695. Garland Science, New York</ref>. Each organelle has its own membrane in the form of a [[Lipid bilayer|lipid bilayer]], this allows [[Compartmentalisation|compartmentalisation | Organelles are separate compartments in [[Eukaryotic|eukaryotic]] cells that contain different [[Enzyme|enzymes]] and [[Molecule|molecules]] and have specific roles in maintaining [[Cell|cell]] structure and function<ref>Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P. 2008. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 5th Edition. p695. Garland Science, New York</ref>. Each organelle has its own membrane in the form of a [[Lipid bilayer|lipid bilayer]], this allows [[Compartmentalisation|compartmentalisation]] and segregation of different chemical activities. Different organelles can be separated by [[Centrifugation|centrifugation]] due to their varying densities. | ||
=== Eukaryotic Organelles and their Functions: === | === Eukaryotic Organelles and their Functions: === | ||
*[[Ribosomes|Ribosomes]] - host sites for protein synthesis: translation of [[MRNA|mRNA]] into [[Proteins|proteins]] | *[[Ribosomes|Ribosomes]] - host sites for protein synthesis: translation of [[MRNA|mRNA]] into [[Proteins|proteins]] (80s) | ||
*[[Nucleus|Nucleus]] - contains chromosomes as a store of genetic information | *[[Nucleus|Nucleus]] - contains chromosomes as a store of genetic information | ||
*[[Nuclear envelope|Nuclear envelope]] - surrounds the nucleus, allows passage of material into and out of the nucleus. | *[[Nucleolus|Nucleolus]] - a dense structure located in the nucleus, makes ribosomal subunits | ||
*[[Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum|Rough ER]] (endoplasmic reticulum) - located next to the nucleus, the rough ER has docked ribosomes for protein synthesis | *[[Nuclear envelope|Nuclear envelope]] - surrounds the nucleus, allows passage of material into and out of the nucleus. E.g. [[MRNA|mRNA]] | ||
*[[Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum|Rough ER]] (endoplasmic reticulum) - located next to the nucleus, the rough ER has docked ribosomes for protein synthesis | |||
*[[Smooth endoplasmic reticulum|Smooth ER]] - endoplasmic reticulum without docked [[Ribosomes|ribosomes]] - synthesis of lipids and steroids | *[[Smooth endoplasmic reticulum|Smooth ER]] - endoplasmic reticulum without docked [[Ribosomes|ribosomes]] - synthesis of lipids and steroids | ||
*[[Lysozyme|Lyso]][[Lysosome|some]] | *[[Lysozyme|Lyso]][[Lysosome|some]] - contain [[Hydrolytic enzyme|hydrolytic enzyme]][[Hydrolytic enzymes|s]] for intracellular degradation | ||
*[[Endosomes|Endosomes]] - sort endocytosed materials | *[[Endosomes|Endosomes]] - sort endocytosed materials | ||
*[[Golgi apparatus|Golgi Body]] - post-transcriptional modification, separation and assortment of newly synthesised proteins | *[[Golgi apparatus|Golgi Body]] - post-transcriptional modification, separation and assortment of newly synthesised proteins | ||
*[[Peroxisomes|Peroxisomes]] - contain [[Enzymes|enzymes]] for oxidation of toxins | *[[Peroxisomes|Peroxisomes]] - contain [[Enzymes|enzymes]] for [[Oxidation|oxidation]] of toxins | ||
*Mitochondria - powerhouse of the cell that plays a key role in aerobic cell respiration<ref>Becker's World of the Cell | *[[Mitochondria|Mitochondria]] - the powerhouse of the cell that plays a key role in aerobic cell respiration<ref>Becker's World of the Cell Hardin, J. et al. (2012) Becker's World of the Cell. 8th ed. San Francisco: Pearson, p.253.</ref> | ||
Hardin, J. et al. (2012) Becker's World of the Cell. 8th ed. San Francisco: Pearson, p. | *[[Cytoskeleton|Cytoskeleton]] - Important role in cell movement and cell division<ref>Becker's World of the Cell Hardin, J. et al. (2012) Becker's World of the Cell. 8th ed. San Francisco: Pearson, p.422.</ref> | ||
*[[Plasma membrane|Plasma membrane]] - controls what enters and leaves the cell | |||
=== Prokaryotic Organelles and their Functions: === | |||
*[[Cell wall|Cell Wall]] - this gives the cell its shape and structure, can anchor the appendages ([[Flagella|flagella]] and pili) | |||
*[[Plasma membrane|Plasma membrane]] - controls what enters and leaves the cell (also present in eukaryotic cells) | |||
*[[Ribosomes|Ribosomes]] - the site of protein synthesis, (70s) | |||
*[[Nucleoid|Nucleoid]] - this is an area in the [[Cytoplasm|cytoplasm]] where strands of [[DNA|DNA are]] found, and it is not a membrane-bound organelle | |||
*[[Pili|Pili]] - these are hair-like projections coming from outside of the cell, this attaches to other cell surfaces | |||
*[[Flagella|Flagella]] - hairlike structures allowing the cell to move by beating in a corkscrew-like motion to nutrients and chemicals<ref>Available: http://quizlet.com/14315658/function-of-organelles-in-both-prokaryotic-and-eukaryotic-cells-flash-cards/. Last accessed 25/11/14</ref> | |||
*[[Mesosomes|Mesosomes]] - These are folded invaginations of the plasma membrane. They can contain various enzymes used in respiration<ref>http://www.ivyroses.com/Biology/Cells/Prokaryotic-Cell-Structure.php</ref> | |||
=== References === | === References === | ||
<references / | <references /> | ||
Latest revision as of 09:23, 19 November 2018
Organelles are separate compartments in eukaryotic cells that contain different enzymes and molecules and have specific roles in maintaining cell structure and function[1]. Each organelle has its own membrane in the form of a lipid bilayer, this allows compartmentalisation and segregation of different chemical activities. Different organelles can be separated by centrifugation due to their varying densities.
Eukaryotic Organelles and their Functions:
- Ribosomes - host sites for protein synthesis: translation of mRNA into proteins (80s)
- Nucleus - contains chromosomes as a store of genetic information
- Nucleolus - a dense structure located in the nucleus, makes ribosomal subunits
- Nuclear envelope - surrounds the nucleus, allows passage of material into and out of the nucleus. E.g. mRNA
- Rough ER (endoplasmic reticulum) - located next to the nucleus, the rough ER has docked ribosomes for protein synthesis
- Smooth ER - endoplasmic reticulum without docked ribosomes - synthesis of lipids and steroids
- Lysosome - contain hydrolytic enzymes for intracellular degradation
- Endosomes - sort endocytosed materials
- Golgi Body - post-transcriptional modification, separation and assortment of newly synthesised proteins
- Peroxisomes - contain enzymes for oxidation of toxins
- Mitochondria - the powerhouse of the cell that plays a key role in aerobic cell respiration[2]
- Cytoskeleton - Important role in cell movement and cell division[3]
- Plasma membrane - controls what enters and leaves the cell
Prokaryotic Organelles and their Functions:
- Cell Wall - this gives the cell its shape and structure, can anchor the appendages (flagella and pili)
- Plasma membrane - controls what enters and leaves the cell (also present in eukaryotic cells)
- Ribosomes - the site of protein synthesis, (70s)
- Nucleoid - this is an area in the cytoplasm where strands of DNA are found, and it is not a membrane-bound organelle
- Pili - these are hair-like projections coming from outside of the cell, this attaches to other cell surfaces
- Flagella - hairlike structures allowing the cell to move by beating in a corkscrew-like motion to nutrients and chemicals[4]
- Mesosomes - These are folded invaginations of the plasma membrane. They can contain various enzymes used in respiration[5]
References
- ↑ Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P. 2008. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 5th Edition. p695. Garland Science, New York
- ↑ Becker's World of the Cell Hardin, J. et al. (2012) Becker's World of the Cell. 8th ed. San Francisco: Pearson, p.253.
- ↑ Becker's World of the Cell Hardin, J. et al. (2012) Becker's World of the Cell. 8th ed. San Francisco: Pearson, p.422.
- ↑ Available: http://quizlet.com/14315658/function-of-organelles-in-both-prokaryotic-and-eukaryotic-cells-flash-cards/. Last accessed 25/11/14
- ↑ http://www.ivyroses.com/Biology/Cells/Prokaryotic-Cell-Structure.php